14.11 Review Questions

1. Sperm and ova are similar in terms of ________.
a. size
b. quantity produced per year
c. chromosome number
d. flagellar motility

2.Although the male ejaculate contains hundreds of millions of sperm, ________.
a. most do not reach the oocyte
b. most are destroyed by the alkaline environment of the uterus
c. it takes millions to penetrate the outer layers of the oocyte
d. most are destroyed by capacitation

3.As sperm first reach the oocyte, they will contact the ________.
a. acrosome
b. corona radiata
c. sperm-binding receptors
d. zona pellucida

4. Fusion of pronuclei occurs during ________.
a. spermatogenesis
b. ovulation
c. fertilization
d. capacitation

5. Sperm must first complete ________ to enable the fertilization of an oocyte.
a. capacitation
b. the acrosomal reaction
c. the cortical reaction
d. the fast block

6. Cleavage produces daughter cells called ________.
a. trophoblasts
b. blastocysts
c. morulae
d. blastomeres

7. The conceptus, upon reaching the uterus, first ________.
a. implants
b. divides
c. disintegrates
d. hatches

8. The inner cell mass of the blastocyst is destined to become the ________.
a. embryo
b. trophoblast
c. chorionic villi
d. placenta

9. Which primary germ layer gave rise to the cells that eventually became the central nervous system?
a. endoderm
b. ectoderm
c. acrosome
d. mesoderm

10. What would happen if the trophoblast did not secrete hCG upon implantation of the blastocyst?
a. The cells would not continue to divide.
b. The corpus luteum would continue to produce progesterone and estrogen.
c. Menses would flush the blastocyst out of the uterus.
d. The uterine mucosa would not envelop the blastocyst.

11. During what process does the amnion envelop the embryo?
a. embryonic folding
b. gastrulation
c. implantation
d. organogenesis

12. The placenta is formed from ________.
a. the embryo’s mesenchymal cells
b. the mother’s endometrium only
c. the mother’s endometrium and the embryo’s chorionic membrane
d. the mother’s endometrium and the embryo’s umbilical cord

13. The foramen ovale causes the fetal circulatory system to bypass the ________.
a. liver
b. lungs
c. kidneys
d. gonads

14. What happens to the urine excreted by the fetus when the kidneys begin to function?
a. The umbilical cord carries it to the placenta for removal.
b. The endometrium absorbs it.
c. It adds to the amniotic fluid.
d. It is turned into meconium.

15. During weeks 9–12 of fetal development, ________.
a. bone marrow begins to assume erythrocyte production
b. meconium begins to accumulate in the intestines
c. surfactant production begins in the fetal lungs
d. the spinal cord begins to be myelinated

16. Progesterone secreted by the placenta suppresses ________ to prevent maturation of ovarian follicles.
a. LH and estrogen
b. hCG and FSH
c. FSH and LH
d. estrogen and hCG

17. Which of the following is a possible culprit of “morning sickness”?
a. increased minute respiration
b. decreased intestinal peristalsis
c. decreased aldosterone secretion
d. increased blood volume

18. How does the decrease in progesterone at the last weeks of pregnancy help to bring on labor?
a. stimulating FSH production
b. decreasing the levels of estrogens
c. dilating the cervix
d. decreasing the inhibition of uterine contractility

19. Which of these fetal presentations is the easiest for vaginal birth?
a. complete breech
b. vertex occiput anterior
c. frank breech
d. vertex occiput posterior

20. Which of these shunts exists between the right and left atria?
a. foramen ovale
b. ductus venosus
c. ductus arteriosis
d. foramen venosus

21. Why is brown fat important?
a. It is the newborn’s primary source of insulation.
b. It can be broken down to generate heat for thermoregulation.
c. It can be broken down for energy between feedings.
d. It can be converted to white fat.

22. Constriction of umbilical blood vessels during vaginal birth ________.
a. causes respiratory alkalosis
b. inhibits the respiratory center in the brain
c. elevates carbon dioxide levels in the blood
d. both a and b

23. Alveoli are connected to the lactiferous sinuses by ________.
a. lactocytes
b. lactiferous ducts
c. nipple pores
d. lobules

24. How is colostrum most important to a newborn?
a. It helps boost the newborn’s immune system.
b. It provides much needed fat.
c. It satisfies the newborn’s thirst.
d. It satisfies the infant’s appetite.

25. Mature breast milk ________.
a. has more sodium than cow’s milk
b. has more calcium than cow’s milk
c. has more protein than cow’s milk
d. has more fat than cow’s milk