Functions of the Immune System

The immune system comprises several types of white blood cells that circulate in the blood and lymph. They seek, recruit, attack, and destroy foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses. Other less realized components of the immune system are the skin (which acts as a barricade), mucus (which traps and entangles microorganisms), and even the bacteria in the large intestine (which prevent the colonization of bad bacteria in the gut). Immune system functions are completely dependent on dietary nutrients. Malnutrition is the leading cause of immune system deficiency worldwide. When the immune system functions are inadequate, there is a marked increase in the chance of getting an infection. Children in many poor, developing countries have protein- and/or energy-deficient diets that are causative of two different syndromes, kwashiorkor and marasmus. These children often die from infections that their bodies would normally have fought off, but because their protein and/or energy intake is so low, the immune system cannot perform its functions.

Other nutrients, such as iron, zinc, selenium, copper, and folate, as well as vitamins A, B6, C, D, and E, all benefit immune system function. Deficiencies in these nutrients can cause an increased risk of infection and death. Zinc deficiency suppresses the immune system’s barrier functions by damaging skin cells; it is also associated with a decrease in circulating white blood cells. A review of several studies in the journal Pediatrics concluded that zinc supplements administered to children under age five for longer than three months significantly reduce the incidence and severity of diarrhea and respiratory illnesses.^[1]

Zinc supplementation is also therapeutically beneficial for treating leprosy, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and the common cold. Equally important to remember is that multiple studies show that it is best to obtain your minerals and vitamins from eating various healthy foods.

Just as under-nutrition compromises immune system health, so does over-nutrition. People who are obese are at increased risk for developing immune system disorders such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and some cancers. Both the quality and quantity of fat affect immune system function. High intakes of saturated and trans fats negatively affect the immune system, whereas increasing your intake of omega-3 fatty acids, found in salmon and other oily fish, decreases inflammatory responses. High intakes of omega-3 fatty acids are linked to a reduction in the risk of developing certain autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis. They are used as part of a comprehensive treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.