1 Introduction

The (American) correctional system is one of the most critical components of the (our) criminal justice system, tasked with managing individuals who have been convicted of crimes. As society evolves, so too, does the philosophy and practice of corrections, reflecting changing attitudes toward punishment, rehabilitation, and public safety. This chapter provides an overview of the historical development of corrections, the primary goals and philosophies that guide its practices, and the ongoing challenges that continue to shape its future.

From the early use of jails and public punishments in colonial America to the establishment of penitentiaries during the Age of Enlightenment, the history of corrections offers valuable insights into the values and priorities of different eras.  The introduction of practices such as the convict leasing system and the reformatory movement highlights the intersection of corrections with broader social, economic, and racial issues.

In addition to exploring historical foundations, this chapter delves into the key goals of the correctional system: deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and retribution. Special attention is given to the unique aspects of Louisiana’s correctional system, including its historical context and the modern-day implications of institutions like Angola.

The American correctional system affects every community and society in our nation.  From crime victims to those who fight crime in their communities to those taxpayers to help fund their municipal and state prison systems, corrections are in every aspect of our lives. By examining the past and present of corrections, this chapter lays the groundwork for understanding its role in the broader criminal justice system and its impact on individuals and communities. The readers will gain a foundational understanding of the purpose and evolution of corrections, as well as the complex factors that continue to influence its development.