Key Terms
- Black codes
- laws some southern states designed to maintain White supremacy by keeping freed people impoverished and in debt
- carpetbagger
- a term used for northerners working in the South during Reconstruction; it implied that these were opportunists who came south for economic or political gain
- Compromise of 1877
- the agreement between Republicans and Democrats, after the contested election of 1876, in which Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for withdrawing the last of the federal troops from the South
- crop-lien system
- a loan system in which store owners extended credit to farmers for the purchase of goods in exchange for a portion of their future crops
- Freedmen’s Bureau
- the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, which was created in 1865 to ease Black peoples’ transition from slavery to freedom
- Ironclad Oath
- an oath that the Wade-Davis Bill required a majority of voters and government officials in Confederate states to take; it involved swearing that they had never supported the Confederacy
- Ku Klux Klan
- a White vigilante organization that engaged in terroristic violence with the aim of stopping Reconstruction
- Radical Republicans
- northern Republicans who contested Lincoln’s treatment of Confederate states and proposed harsher punishments
- Reconstruction
- the twelve-year period after the Civil War in which the rebel southern states were integrated back into the Union
- redeemers
- a term used for Southern White people committed to rolling back the gains of Reconstruction
- scalawags
- a pejorative term used for Southern White people who supported Reconstruction
- sharecropping
- a crop-lien system in which people paid rent on land they farmed (but did not own) with the crops they grew
- ten percent plan
- Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan, which required only 10 percent of the 1860 voters in Confederate states to take an oath of allegiance to the Union
- Union Leagues
- fraternal groups loyal to the Union and the Republican Party that became political and civic centers for Black people in former Confederate states