Glossary
- Ableism
-
The system of beliefs and practices that produces a physical and mental standard that is projected as normal for a human being and labels deviations from it abnormal, resulting in unequal treatment and access to resources.
- actual self
-
The attributes that you or someone else believes you actually possess.
- Antimiscegenation laws
-
Made it illegal for people of different racial/ethnic groups to marry.
- Ascribed identities
-
Personal, social, or cultural identities that are placed on us by others.
- attribution
-
An explanation for what is happening.
- avowed identities
-
Those that we claim for ourselves.
- Causation
-
A “cause and effect” relationship for all actions.
- channel
-
The method a sender uses to send a message to a receiver such as verbal and nonverbal forms of communication.
- Code-switching
-
Changing from one way of speaking to another between or within interactions.
- Cognitive flexibility
-
The ability to continually supplement and revise existing knowledge to create new categories rather than forcing new knowledge into old categories.
- cognitive style
-
Gathering information, constructing meaning, and organizing and applying knowledge.
- communication
-
The process of using symbols to exchange meaning.
- Communication climate
-
The overall feeling or emotional mood between people.
- communication studies
-
An academic field whose primary focus is who says what, through what channels of communication, to whom, and what will be the results.
- connotative meanings
-
the meanings we assign based on our experiences and beliefs
- Cultural identities
-
Socially constructed categories that teach us a way of being and include expectations for social behavior or ways of acting.
- cultural-individual dialectic
-
Captures the interplay between patterned behaviors learned from a cultural group and individual behaviors that may be variations on or counter to those of the larger culture.
- culture
-
The ongoing negotiation of learned and patterned beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors.
- denotative meaning
-
a standardized definition of a word
- Dichotomies
-
Dualistic ways of thinking that highlight opposites, reducing the ability to see gradations that exist in between concepts.
- differences-similarities dialectic
-
How we are simultaneously similar to and different from others.
- Dominant identities
-
Historically had and currently have more resources and influence.
- empirical laws paradigm
-
Approach communication from the perspective that there are universal or natural laws that govern how we communicate.
- essentialize
-
Reduce and overlook important variations within a group.
- External attributions
-
Connect the cause of behaviors to situational factors.
- extrinsic motivation
-
Do something to receive a reward or avoid punishment.
- fundamental attribution error
-
Tendency to explain others’ behaviors using internal rather than external attributions.
- gender
-
An identity based on internalized cultural notions of masculinity and femininity that is constructed through communication and interaction.
- Generalization
-
If a prediction shows that a behavior produces a certain outcome, we can broaden our predictions to include a wide variety of people, situations, and contexts.
- halo effect
-
Initial positive perceptions lead us to view later interactions as positive.
- history/past-present/future dialectic
-
While current cultural conditions are important and our actions now will inevitably affect our future, those conditions are not without a history.
- horn effect
-
Initial negative perceptions lead us to view later interactions as negative.
- ideal self
-
The attributes that you or someone else would like you to possess.
- ideology of domination
-
Makes it seem natural and normal to many that some people or groups will always have power over others.
- Intercultural communication
-
Communication between people with differing cultural identities
- Intercultural communication competence (ICC)
-
The ability to communicate effectively and appropriately in various cultural contexts.
- Intercultural relationships
-
Formed between people with different cultural identities and include friends, romantic partners, family, and coworkers.
- Internal attributions
-
Connect the cause of behaviors to personal aspects such as personality traits.
- Interpretation
-
The process of assigning meaning to our experiences using schemata.
- intersectional reflexivity
-
A reflective practice by which we acknowledge intersecting identities, both privileged and disadvantaged, and implicate ourselves in social hierarchies and inequalities.
- intersectionality
-
Acknowledges that we each have multiple cultures and identities that intersect with each other.
- intrinsic motivation
-
Do something for the love of doing it or for the resulting internal satisfaction.
- Linear Model of Communication
-
The transmission of a message from the sender to the receiver.
- looking glass self
-
We see ourselves reflected in other people’s reactions to us and then form our self-concept based on how we believe other people see us.
- mass communication
-
The public transfer of messages through media or technology-driven channels to a large number of recipients from an entity, usually involving some type of cost or fee (advertising) for the user.
- medical model of disability
-
Places disability as an individual and medical rather than social and cultural issue.
- message
-
The particular meaning or content the sender wishes the receiver to understand. It can be intentional or unintentional, written or spoken, verbal or nonverbal, or any combination of these.
- Mindfulness
-
A state of self- and other-monitoring that informs later reflection on communication interactions.
- Motivation
-
The underlying force that drives us to do things.
- Noise
-
Anything external or internal that interferes with the sending or receiving of a message.
- nondominant identities
-
Historically had and currently have less resources and influence.
- Organizing
-
Sort and categorize information that we perceive based on innate and learned cognitive patterns called schemata.
- ought self
-
The attributes you or someone else believes you should possess.
- paradigms
-
A way for us to organize a great number of ideas into categories.
- patriarchy
-
A system of social structures and practices that maintains the values, priorities, and interests of men as a group.
- Perception
-
The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information.
- personal construct
-
Measure people and situations by generalizing people into their category or stereotype.
- Personal identities
-
The components of self that are primarily intrapersonal and connected to our life experiences.
- personal-contextual dialectic
-
The connection between our personal patterns of and preferences for communicating and how various contexts influence the personal.
- Phonology
-
the study of speech sounds
- Pragmatics
-
the study of how people actually use verbal communication
- Prediction
-
Once someone determines a particular law is at work, they can use it to predict outcomes of future similar communication situations.
- privileges-disadvantages dialectic
-
The complex interrelation of unearned, systemic advantages and disadvantages that operate among our various identities.
- prototype
-
An ideal or best example of a particular category.
- receiver
-
Someone who receives a message that they must decode (interpret) in a way that is meaningful for them.
- Reference groups
-
The groups we use for social comparison, and they typically change based on what we are evaluating.
- Salience
-
The degree to which something attracts our attention in a particular context.
- schema
-
Singular form of schemata.
- schemata
-
Innate and learned cognitive patterns such as prototypes, personal construct, stereotypes, and scripts.
- script
-
A sequence of activities that spells out how we and others are expected to act in a specific situation.
- Selecting
-
Focus attention on certain incoming sensory information.
- Self-concept
-
The overall idea of who a person thinks they are.
- Self-discrepancy theory
-
Beliefs about and expectations for their actual and potential selves that do not always match up with what they actually experience.
- Self-efficacy
-
The judgments people make about their ability to perform a task within a specific context.
- Self-esteem
-
The judgments and evaluations we make about our self-concept.
- Self-fulfilling prophecies
-
Thought and action patterns in which a person’s false belief triggers a behavior that makes the initial false belief actually or seemingly come true.
- self-serving bias
-
Attributing the cause of our successes to internal personal factors while attributing our failures to external factors beyond our control.
- sender
-
Someone who initiates communication by encoding and sending a message to a receiver through a particular channel.
- Sex
-
Biological characteristics, including external genitalia, internal sex organs, chromosomes, and hormones.
- Sexual orientation
-
A person’s primary physical and emotional sexual attraction and activity.
- Social comparison theory
-
We describe and evaluate ourselves in terms of how we compare to other people based on two dimensions: superiority/inferiority and similarity/difference.
- Social constructionism
-
A view that argues the self is formed through our interactions with others and in relationship to social, cultural, and political contexts.
- social identities
-
The components of self that are derived from involvement in social groups with which we are interpersonally committed.
- static-dynamic dialectic
-
Culture and communication change over time yet often appear to be and are experienced as stable.
- stereotyping
-
The process of predicting generalizations of people and situations.
- Symbols
-
arbitrary representations of thoughts, ideas, emotions, objects, or actions used to encode and decode meaning
- Theory
-
A way of looking at events, organizing them, and representing them.
- Tolerance for uncertainty
-
An individual’s attitude about and level of comfort in uncertain situations.
- Transactional Model
-
Communication participants act as senders and receivers simultaneously, creating reality through their interactions.
- Transformative learning
-
Occurs when we encounter situations that challenge our accumulated knowledge and our ability to accommodate that knowledge to manage a real-world situation.
- Transgender
-
An umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or expression do not match the gender they were assigned by birth.
- Verbal communication
-
language, both written and spoken