The Value of Philosophy

Plato – Apology, Trans. by Benjamin Jowett

http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/apology.html

Bertrand Russell – from Problems of Philosophy (ch. 15)

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Problems_of_Philosophy/Chapter_15

Epistemology

Rene Descartes – from Meditations on First Philosophy (Books I, II), Trans. John Veitch

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy/Meditation_I

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy/Meditation_II

John Locke – from An Essay concerning Human Understanding (Book I, Ch. 1, Book II, Ch. 1)

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10615/10615-h/10615-h.htm

George Berkeley – from Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous (First, Second Dialogues)

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Three_Dialogues_Between_Hylas_and_Philonous

David Hume – from An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding (Sect. IV, Parts I, II)

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Enquiry_Concerning_Human_Understanding

Immanuel Kant – from The Critique of Pure Reason (Introduction, Parts I–VII), Trans. John Meiklejohn

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason_(Meiklejohn)/Introduction

William James – from Pragmatism (Lecture II)

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Pragmatism:_A_New_Name_for_Some_Old_Ways_of_Thinking#Lecture_II:_What_Pragmatism_Means

Metaphysics

Plato – from Republic (Book VII), Trans. Benjamin Jowett

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Republic/Book_VII

Plato – from Parmenides, Trans. Benjamin Jowett

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Parmenides

Aristotle – from Categories (chs. 4, 5), Trans. Octavius Freire Owen

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Categories_(Owen)

Aristotle – from On Interpretation (chs. 1–9), Trans. Octavius Freire Owen

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_Interpretation

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz – from Discourse on Metaphysics (VIII–XIII)

https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/l/leibniz/gottfried/discourse-on-metaphysics/#section8

David Hume – from An Enquiry into Human Understanding (Sect. IV, Parts 1–3)

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Enquiry_Concerning_Human_Understanding

Bertrand Russell – from Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits

https://www.scribd.com/document/260648952/Russell-The-Argument-from-Analogy-for-Other-Minds-1948-pdf

Philosophy of Religion

Anselm – from Proslogion (chs. 2–5)

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Proslogium_and_Monologium/Proslogium/Chapter2

Thomas Aquinas – from Summa Theologiae

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Summa_Theologiae/First_Part/Question_2

Blaise Pascal – from Pensées (Sect. 3)

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal/Thoughts/Section_3

David Hume – from Miracles (Sect X, Parts I, II)

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Enquiry_Concerning_Human_Understanding

Søren Kierkegaard – from Encounter with Faith

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Selections_from_the_writings_of_Kierkegaard/Fear_and_Trembling

William James – from The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Will_to_Believe_and_Other_Essays_in_Popular_Philosophy/The_Will_to_Believe

William Paley – “The Watch and the Watchmaker” from Natural Theology

https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/PaleyNatur/1:2?rgn=div1;view=fulltext

Ethics and Morality

Plato – from Republic (Book II), Trans. Benjamin Jowett

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Republic/Book_II

Aristotle – from Nicomachean Ethics (Book One), Trans. D. P. Chase

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics_(Chase)/Book_One

David Hume – from An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals (Sect. 1)

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Enquiry_Concerning_the_Principles_of_Morals#SECTION_I._OF_THE_GENERAL_PRINCIPLES_OF_MORALS.

Immanuel Kant – from Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Second Section), Trans. Thomas Kingsmill Abbott

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Groundwork_of_the_Metaphysics_of_Morals#Second_Section:_Transition_from_popular_moral_philosophy_to_the_metaphysic_of_morals

Jeremy Bentham – from The Principles of Morals and Legislation (chs. I, IV)

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Principles_of_Morals_and_Legislation

John Stuart Mill – from Utilitarianism (chs. 1, 2)

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Utilitarianism

Sociopolitical Philosophy

Thomas Hobbes – from Leviathan (chs. XIII, XIV, XV)

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Leviathan/The_First_Part

John Locke – from The Second Treatise of Government (Book II, Ch. V.)

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government/Book_II#Chap._V._Of_Property.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau – from Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality among Men (Part 2)

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Discourse_on_the_Origin_of_Inequality_Among_Men/Part_II

Mary Wollstonecraft – from A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects (ch. 2)

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman/Chapter_II

Karl Marx – from The Communist Manifesto

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Communist_Party

Bertrand Russell – from Anti-Suffragist Anxieties

https://users.drew.edu/~jlenz/br-anti-suffragists.html

John Stuart Mill – from The Subjection of Women (ch. 1)

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Subjection_of_Women/Chapter_1

Art and Aesthetics

Plato – Republic (Book X), Trans. Benjamin Jowett

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Republic/Book_X

Aristotle – Poetics (Part VI), Trans. S. H. Butcher

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Poetics_translated_by_S._H._Butcher

David Hume – from Of the Standard of Taste, in Four Dissertations

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Of_the_Standard_of_Taste

Immanuel Kant – from The Critique of Aesthetical Judgement (Book 1, Sect. 1–5)

http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/kant-the-critique-of-judgement

Edmund Burke – from A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (Part 1, VII; Part II, I–XXII)

https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/b/burke/edmund/sublime/complete.html