Chapter 8 Key Terms and Assessments
Key Terms
Balfour Declaration a 1917 statement by British foreign secretary Alfred Balfour publicly supporting the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine
Beer Hall Putsch a 1923 attempt by Adolf Hitler and his followers to take over the city of Munich
collectivization the taking over of agriculture by a national government
fascism a political movement focused on transforming citizens into committed nationalists striving for unity and racial purity to remedy a perceived national decline
Five-Year Plans domestic plans adopted by the Soviet Union in the 1930s to target industrial and agricultural output goals that were usually unrealistic
flapper woman of the 1920s who embraced an independent lifestyle while wearing shorter skirts and hairstyles
gold standard a monetary system in which the value of a country’s currency is tied directly to the value of gold
gross domestic product (GDP) the value of all the goods and services a country produces in one year
Irish Free State a state formed by the twenty-six southern counties in Ireland and later called Ireland
Kellogg-Briand Pact a 1928 treaty signed by more than sixty countries to renounce war as a foreign policy tool
League of Nations a multinational organization created by the 1919 Treaty of Versailles to promote the goal of collective security
mandate system a system in which control of an area was transferred from one government to another under the oversight of the League of Nations
New Deal a U.S. program of economic reform under Franklin Roosevelt that created work-relief programs
New Economic Policy (NEP) Lenin’s policy that introduced some aspects of capitalism in response to hardships and growing discontent among the Russian people
New Negro movement a movement that developed in the 1920s as African Americans agitated for increased civil rights
Pan-African movement a movement based on the idea that all people in Africa could work together to achieve greater independence
reparations monetary payments to be made to the Allied nations by Germany to compensate for destruction they suffered in the war
Salt March a two-hundred-mile march led by Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi in India in 1930 to protest the British prohibition on collecting salt and the heavy taxes on its purchase
Schutzstaffel (SS) German Nazi paramilitary organization designed for security and intimidation
Sinn Féin a political party organized in 1905 that argued for greater sovereignty for Ireland
socialist realism an artistic movement in the Soviet Union that took the worker as a subject and was about patriotism as much as art
suffragist a person who protested in favor of women’s right to vote
totalitarianism a form of government in which the state controls all aspects of a person’s life
Treaty of Versailles a 1919 treaty that formally ended World War I, redrew the map of Europe, and created the League of Nations
Assessments
Review Questions
1. What group or group did the Palmer Raids in the United States target?
a. antiwar protestors
b. Russians and suspected radicals
c. the Ku Klux Klan
d. Republican politicians
2. Why did the U.S. Senate oppose the Treaty of Versailles?
a. It was too long a document.
b. The new borders drawn in Europe were believed to be unworkable.
c. The Senate did not want to join the League of Nations, which was established by the treaty.
d. The treaty was dangerous and could cause another war in Europe.
3. What economic situation developed in Germany in the early 1920s?
a. deflation
b. depression
c. hyperinflation
d. rising gross domestic product (GDP)
4. What did the Kellogg-Briand Pact do?
a. It outlawed war as an instrument of foreign policy.
b. It established a French-American alliance for the next five decades.
c. It called for Germany to be blamed for World War I.
d. It set up loans to Latin American countries to cope with economic recessions.
5. What was a result of the New Economic Policy?
a. It brought the economy completely under government control for the first time.
b. It kept the government in control of the economy but introduced aspects of capitalism.
c. It was rejected by Lenin as too radical.
d. It was rejected by Stalin as too conservative.
6. What is collectivization?
a. the development of state-run farms for the entire agricultural sector
b. the grouping of children destined for certain career paths
c. the group of politicians in the national legislature who worked to oppose Stalin
d. the foreign policy centered on exporting revolution to other countries
7. What were kulaks?
a. Soviet bureaucrats
b. specially trained soldiers
c. medals awarded for special services to the Soviet Union
d. wealthier peasants
8. What did cities experience during the 1930s in the Soviet Union?
a. little population growth
b. a decrease in population as people left to work on collective farms
c. new theaters that opened to present Western plays
d. housing and food shortages that occurred as the population increased
9. What did the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act do?
a. It decreased sales taxes on goods in the United States.
b. It set up a fluctuating tariff system depending on the source of foreign goods.
c. It raised tariffs on foreign goods in the United States and caused other countries to retaliate.
d. It set quotas on foreign goods in the United States.
10. What happened to trade during the Great Depression?
a. Trade remained at its pre-Depression levels.
b. Trade increased through the United States and Europe but fell elsewhere.
c. Trade decreased across the globe.
d. Trade decreased only in Europe but stayed stable elsewhere.
11. Why were people drawn to communism in the 1930s?
a. The Communist Party was the most successful organization getting people elected to office.
b. The Communist Party rebranded itself as a mainstream party in the 1930s.
c. The Communist Party offered an alternative to the capitalist systems being undermined by the Great Depression.
d. The Communist Party exploited people’s desire for entertainment by producing movies and holding rallies on a regular basis.
12. How did Hitler first gain the office of chancellor?
a. by leading a march on Berlin
b. by being invited to form a government by President Hindenburg
c. by seizing control of government during the Beer Hall Putsch
d. by solving Germany’s economic problems following the Great Depression
13. Spain’s General Francisco Franco gained power as a result of .
a. a cooperative treaty with the Soviet Union
b. a request by the Spanish king
c. an electoral victory
d. victory in the Spanish Civil War
14. What was the Salt March in India a protest against?
a. the importation of foreign salt
b. the industrial development of coastal areas
c. repressive laws regarding women under the age of thirty years
d. the high British taxes assessed on salt
15. What was one consequence of the Balfour Declaration?
a. Palestine was turned over to French control.
b. A Jewish homeland was formed in Palestine.
c. Turkey had to adopt Christianity as the state religion.
d. Iraq became an independent kingdom.
16. What happened at Amritsar in 1919?
a. British troops stormed a holdout of German troops.
b. British Indian Army troops fired on Indian protestors.
c. Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi led a protest to the Indian National Congress.
d. Riots occurred over oil-drilling rights.
17. Which country controlled German New Guinea after World War I?
a. New Zealand
b. Australia
c. Japan
d. France
18. Why did women receive the right to vote in so many places in the 1920s?
a. as a reward for their efforts and support in World War I
b. because of political agreements reached in the late 1800s
c. as a speedy response to women’s requests
d. because businesses believed the vote would make women more eager to work outside the home
19. Which South American country’s leader was influenced by Italian fascism in the 1930s?
a. Chile
b. Argentina
c. Peru
d. Colombia
20. Which of the following would a flapper do, unlike women of an earlier era?
a. drink in public
b. go to church every Sunday
c. marry early in life
d. work on a farm
Check Your Understanding Questions
1. How did the map of Europe change under the Treaty of Versailles?
2. What immediate effect did the Treaty of Versailles have on Germany?
3. Give some examples of the world’s attempts at preserving peace in the 1920s and 1930s. How successful were they at the time?
4. How were the economy and social legislation in the early Soviet state different from the situation under Stalin’s rule? How were they the same?
5. What were the goals and effects of Stalin’s first Five-Year Plan?
6. What were the results of forced collectivization?
7. What were the causes of the Great Depression?
8. How did the New Deal help bring relief to American consumers?
9. Look at the following figure and note the changes in the geography of Europe after the Treaty of Versailles. How could some of those changes have stirred up resentments among political leaders and populations that might have contributed to the rise of fascism in the 1920s and 1930s?
10. Which countries gained former German territories in Africa after World War I?
11. To what extent did Britain allow for greater Indian self-rule in the 1930s?
12. In what ways did Turkey become Westernized?
13. How did the movies and radio create mass culture in the 1920s?
Application and Reflection Questions
- How did the Paris Peace Conference and the Washington Naval Conference reestablish the international order in Europe and Asia?
- What were the long-ranging effects of World War I on the global economy? How did actions taken in the immediate aftermath of the war influence these outcomes?
- How did the average Russian worker’s life change under Stalin? Did workers regard Stalin as a villain or a savior? Why?
- Is loss of personal freedom in exchange for an improved standard of living an acceptable trade-off? Why or why not? What might a Russian in the 1930s have said?
- To what extent should a government help its citizens in times of economic crisis? Why?
- Is a planned economy a solution to the problem of economic depression? Why or why not? If it is, should Western countries soften their commitment to free enterprise? Why or why not?
- How do the European decisions made in the aftermath of World War I continue to affect Asia and Africa today?
- Was the current conflict between the Jewish people and the Palestinians inevitable? Why or why not?
- In what ways were the new forms of culture in the 1920s and 1930s reflections of people’s political concerns?
- In what ways were flappers a reaction to World War I?