Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
6.2 Graphs of Exponential Functions
Learning Objectives
In this section, you will:
- Graph exponential functions.
- Graph exponential functions using transformations.
Graphing Exponential Functions
Before we begin graphing, it is helpful to review the behavior of exponential growth. Recall the table of values for a function of the form[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x}\,[/latex]whose base is greater than one. We’ll use the function[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={2}^{x}.\,[/latex]Observe how the output values in Table 1 change as the input increases by[latex]\,1.[/latex]
| [latex]x[/latex] | [latex]-3[/latex] | [latex]-2[/latex] | [latex]-1[/latex] | [latex]0[/latex] | [latex]1[/latex] | [latex]2[/latex] | [latex]3[/latex] |
| f(x) = 2x | [latex]\frac{1}{8}[/latex] | [latex]\frac{1}{4}[/latex] | [latex]\frac{1}{2}[/latex] | [latex]1[/latex] | 2 | [latex]4[/latex] | [latex]8[/latex] |
Table 1
Each output value is the product of the previous output and the base,[latex]\,2.\,[/latex]We call the base,[latex]\,2\,[/latex], the constant ratio. In fact, for any exponential function with the form[latex]\,f\left(x\right)=a{b}^{x},[/latex][latex]\,b\,[/latex]is the constant ratio of the function. This means that as the input increases by 1, the output value will be the product of the base and the previous output, regardless of the value of[latex]\,a.[/latex]
Notice from the table that
- the output values are positive for all values of [latex]x;[/latex]
- as[latex]\,x\,[/latex]increases, the output values increase without bound; and
- as[latex]\,x\,[/latex]decreases, the output values grow smaller, approaching zero.
Figure 1 shows the exponential growth function [latex]\,f\left(x\right)={2}^{x}.[/latex]
| [latex]x[/latex] | [latex]-3[/latex] | [latex]-2[/latex] | [latex]-1[/latex] | [latex]0[/latex] | [latex]1[/latex] | [latex]2[/latex] | [latex]3[/latex] |
| [latex]g(x)=\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{x}[/latex] | [latex]8[/latex] | [latex]4[/latex] | [latex]2[/latex] | [latex]1[/latex] | [latex]\frac{1}{2}[/latex] | [latex]\frac{1}{4}[/latex] | [latex]\frac{1}{8}[/latex] |
Table 2
Again, because the input is increasing by 1, each output value is the product of the previous output and the base, or constant ratio[latex]\,\frac{1}{2}.[/latex]
Notice from the table that
- the output values are positive for all values of[latex]\,x;[/latex]
- as[latex]\,x\,[/latex]increases, the output values grow smaller, approaching zero; and
- as[latex]\,x\,[/latex]decreases, the output values grow without bound.
Figure 2 shows the exponential decay function,[latex]\,g\left(x\right)={\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}^{x}.[/latex]
The domain of[latex]\,g\left(x\right)={\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}^{x}\,[/latex]is all real numbers, the range is[latex]\,\left(0,\infty \right),[/latex] and the horizontal asymptote is[latex]\,y=0.[/latex]
Based on Table A, answer the following below:
| x | -3 | -2 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| f(x) | 27 | 9 | 3 | 1 | [latex]\frac{1}{3}[/latex] | [latex]\frac{1}{9}[/latex] | [latex]\frac{1}{27}[/latex] |
Table A
Characteristics of the Graph of the Parent Function f(x) = bx
An exponential function with the form[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x},[/latex][latex]\,b>0,[/latex][latex]\,b\ne 1,[/latex] has these characteristics:
- one-to-one function
- horizontal asymptote:[latex]\,y=0[/latex]
- domain:[latex]\,\left(–\infty , \infty \right)[/latex]
- range:[latex]\,\left(0,\infty \right)[/latex]
- x-intercept: none
- y-intercept:[latex]\,\left(0,1\right)\,[/latex]
- increasing if[latex]\,b>1[/latex]
- decreasing if [latex]\, b \lt 1[/latex]
Figure 3 compares the graphs of exponential growth and decay functions.
How To
Given an exponential function of the form[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x},[/latex] graph the function.
- Create a table of points.
- Plot at least[latex]\,3\,[/latex]point from the table, including the y-intercept[latex]\,\left(0,1\right).[/latex]
- Draw a smooth curve through the points.
- State the domain,[latex]\,\left(-\infty ,\infty \right),[/latex] the range,[latex]\,\left(0,\infty \right),[/latex] and the horizontal asymptote, [latex]\,y=0.[/latex]
Sketching the Graph of an Exponential Function of the Form f(x) = bx
Sketch a graph of[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={0.25}^{x}.\,[/latex]State the domain, range, and asymptote.
Show Solution
Before graphing, identify the behavior and create a table of points for the graph.
- Since[latex]\,b=0.25\,[/latex]is between zero and one, we know the function is decreasing. The left tail of the graph will increase without bound, and the right tail will approach the asymptote[latex]\,y=0.[/latex]
- Create a table of points, as in Table 3.
[latex]x[/latex] [latex]-3[/latex] [latex]-2[/latex] [latex]-1[/latex] [latex]0[/latex] [latex]1[/latex] [latex]2[/latex] [latex]3[/latex] [latex]f\left(x\right)={0.25}^{x}[/latex] [latex]64[/latex] [latex]16[/latex] [latex]4[/latex] [latex]1[/latex] [latex]0.25[/latex] [latex]0.0625[/latex] [latex]0.015625[/latex] Table 3
- Plot the y-intercept,[latex]\,\left(0,1\right),[/latex] along with two other points. We can use[latex]\,\left(-1,4\right)\,[/latex]and[latex]\,\left(1,0.25\right).[/latex]
Draw a smooth curve connecting the points, as in Figure 4.
The domain is[latex]\,\left(-\infty ,\infty \right);\,[/latex]the range is[latex]\,\left(0,\infty \right);\,[/latex]the horizontal asymptote is[latex]\,y=0.[/latex]
Try It
Sketch the graph of[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={4}^{x}.\,[/latex]State the domain, range, and asymptote.
Show Solution
The domain is[latex]\,\left(-\infty ,\infty \right);\,[/latex]the range is[latex]\,\left(0,\infty \right);\,[/latex]the horizontal asymptote is[latex]\,y=0[/latex]; see Figure 5.
<p style=”text-align: center”>
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Transformations of exponential graphs behave similarly to those of other functions. Just as with other parent functions, we can apply the four types of transformations—shifts, reflections, stretches, and compressions—to the parent function[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x}\,[/latex]without loss of shape. For instance, just as the quadratic function maintains its parabolic shape when shifted, reflected, stretched, or compressed, the exponential function also maintains its general shape regardless of the transformations applied.
Graphing a Vertical Shift
The first transformation occurs when we add a constant[latex]\,d\,[/latex]to the parent function[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x},[/latex] giving us a vertical shift[latex]\,d\,[/latex]units in the same direction as the sign. For example, if we begin by graphing a parent function,[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={2}^{x},[/latex] we can then graph two vertical shifts alongside it, using[latex]\,d=3:\,[/latex]the upward shift,[latex]\,g\left(x\right)={2}^{x}+3\,[/latex]and the downward shift,[latex]\,h\left(x\right)={2}^{x}-3.\,[/latex]Both vertical shifts are shown in Figure 6.
Observe the results of shifting[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={2}^{x}\,[/latex]vertically:
- The domain,[latex]\,\left(-\infty ,\infty \right)\,[/latex]remains unchanged.
- When the function is shifted up[latex]\,3\,[/latex]units to[latex]\,g\left(x\right)={2}^{x}+3:[/latex]
- The y-intercept shifts up[latex]\,3\,[/latex]units to[latex]\,\left(0,4\right).[/latex]
- The asymptote shifts up[latex]\,3\,[/latex]units to[latex]\,y=3.[/latex]
- The range becomes[latex]\,\left(3,\infty \right).[/latex]
- When the function is shifted down[latex]\,3\,[/latex]units to[latex]\,h\left(x\right)={2}^{x}-3:[/latex]
- The y-intercept shifts down[latex]\,3\,[/latex]units to[latex]\,\left(0,-2\right).[/latex]
- The asymptote also shifts down[latex]\,3\,[/latex]units to[latex]\,y=-3.[/latex]
- The range becomes[latex]\,\left(-3,\infty \right).[/latex]
Graphing a Horizontal Shift
The next transformation occurs when we add a constant[latex]\,c\,[/latex]to the input of the parent function[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x},[/latex] giving us a horizontal shift[latex]\,c\,[/latex]units in the opposite direction of the sign. For example, if we begin by graphing the parent function[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={2}^{x},[/latex] we can then graph two horizontal shifts alongside it, using[latex]\,c=3:\,[/latex]the shift left,[latex]\,g\left(x\right)={2}^{x+3},[/latex] and the shift right,[latex]\,h\left(x\right)={2}^{x-3}.\,[/latex]Both horizontal shifts are shown in Figure 7.
- The domain,[latex]\,\left(-\infty ,\infty \right),[/latex] remains unchanged.
- The asymptote,[latex]\,y=0,[/latex]remains unchanged.
- The y-intercept shifts such that:
- When the function is shifted left[latex]\,3\,[/latex]units to[latex]\,g\left(x\right)={2}^{x+3},[/latex]the y-intercept becomes[latex]\,\left(0,8\right).\,[/latex]This is because[latex]\,{2}^{x+3}=\left(8\right){2}^{x},[/latex] so the initial value of the function is[latex]\,8.[/latex]
- When the function is shifted right[latex]\,3\,[/latex]units to[latex]\,h\left(x\right)={2}^{x-3},[/latex] the y-intercept becomes[latex]\,\left(0,\frac{1}{8}\right).\,[/latex]Again, see that[latex]\,{2}^{x-3}=\left(\frac{1}{8}\right){2}^{x},[/latex] so the initial value of the function is[latex]\,\frac{1}{8}.[/latex]
Shifts of the Parent Function f(x) = bx
For any constants[latex]\,c\,[/latex]and[latex]\,d,[/latex]the function[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x+c}+d\,[/latex]shifts the parent function[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x}[/latex]
- vertically[latex]\,d\,[/latex]units, in the same direction of the sign of[latex]\,d.[/latex]
- horizontally[latex]\,c\,[/latex]units, in the opposite direction of the sign of[latex]\,c.[/latex]
- The y-intercept becomes[latex]\,\left(0,{b}^{c}+d\right).[/latex]
- The horizontal asymptote becomes[latex]\,y=d.[/latex]
- The range becomes[latex]\,\left(d,\infty \right).[/latex]
- The domain,[latex]\,\left(-\infty ,\infty \right),[/latex] remains unchanged.
How To
Given an exponential function with the form[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x+c}+d,[/latex] graph the translation.
- Draw the horizontal asymptote[latex]\,y=d.[/latex]
- Identify the shift as[latex]\,\left(-c,d\right).\,[/latex]Shift the graph of[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x}\,[/latex]left[latex]\,c\,[/latex]units if [latex]\,c\,[/latex] is positive, and right[latex]\,c\,[/latex]units if[latex]c\,[/latex]is negative.
- Shift the graph of[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x}\,[/latex]up[latex]\,d\,[/latex]units if[latex]\,d\,[/latex]is positive, and down[latex]\,d\,[/latex]units if[latex]\,d\,[/latex]is negative.
- State the domain,[latex]\,\left(-\infty ,\infty \right),[/latex] the range,[latex]\,\left(d,\infty \right),[/latex] and the horizontal asymptote[latex]\,y=d.[/latex]
Graphing a Shift of an Exponential Function
Graph[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={2}^{x+1}-3.\,[/latex]State the domain, range, and asymptote.
Show Solution
We have an exponential equation of the form[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x+c}+d,[/latex] with[latex]\,b=2,[/latex][latex]\,c=1,[/latex] and[latex]\,d=-3.[/latex]
Draw the horizontal asymptote[latex]\,y=d[/latex], so draw[latex]\,y=-3.[/latex]
Identify the shift as[latex]\,\left(-c,d\right),[/latex] so the shift is[latex]\,\left(-1,-3\right).[/latex]
Shift the graph of[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x}\,[/latex]left 1 units and down 3 units.
The domain is[latex]\,\left(-\infty ,\infty \right);\,[/latex]the range is[latex]\,\left(-3,\infty \right);\,[/latex]the horizontal asymptote is[latex]\,y=-3.[/latex]
Try It
Graph[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={2}^{x-1}+3.\,[/latex]State domain, range, and asymptote.
Show Solution
The domain is[latex]\,\left(-\infty ,\infty \right);\,[/latex]the range is[latex]\,\left(3,\infty \right);\,[/latex]the horizontal asymptote is[latex]\,y=3[/latex]; see Figure 9.
How To
Given an equation of the form[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x+c}+d\,[/latex]for[latex]\,x,[/latex] use a graphing calculator to approximate the solution.
- Press [Y=]. Enter the given exponential equation in the line headed “Y1=”.
- Enter the given value for[latex]\,f\left(x\right)\,[/latex]in the line headed “Y2=”.
- Press [WINDOW]. Adjust the y-axis so that it includes the value entered for “Y2=”.
- Press [GRAPH] to observe the graph of the exponential function along with the line for the specified value of[latex]\,f\left(x\right).[/latex]
- To find the value of[latex]\,x,[/latex] we compute the point of intersection. Press [2ND] then [CALC]. Select “intersect” and press [ENTER] three times. The point of intersection gives the value of x for the indicated value of the function.
Compare f(x) = ab(x+c) + d to f(x) = 4x+3 – 7
Approximating the Solution of an Exponential Equation
Solve[latex]\,42=1.2{\left(5\right)}^{x}+2.8\,[/latex]graphically. Round to the nearest thousandth.
Show Solution
Press [Y=] and enter[latex]\,1.2{\left(5\right)}^{x}+2.8\,[/latex]next to Y1=. Then enter 42 next to Y2=. For a window, use the values –3 to 3 for[latex]\,x\,[/latex]and –5 to 55 for[latex]\,y.\,[/latex]Press [GRAPH]. The graphs should intersect somewhere near[latex]\,x=2.[/latex]
For a better approximation, press [2ND] then [CALC]. Select [5: intersect] and press [ENTER] three times. The x-coordinate of the point of intersection is displayed as 2.1661943. (Your answer may be different if you use a different window or use a different value for Guess?) To the nearest thousandth,[latex]\,x\approx 2.166.[/latex]
Try It
Solve[latex]\,4=7.85{\left(1.15\right)}^{x}-2.27\,[/latex]graphically. Round to the nearest thousandth.
Show Solution
[latex]x\approx -1.608[/latex]
Graphing a Stretch or Compression
While horizontal and vertical shifts involve adding constants to the input or to the function itself, a stretch or compression occurs when we multiply the parent function[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x}\,[/latex]by a constant[latex]\,|a|>0.\,[/latex]For example, if we begin by graphing the parent function[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={2}^{x},[/latex] we can then graph the stretch, using[latex]\,a=3,[/latex]to get[latex]\,g\left(x\right)=3{\left(2\right)}^{x}\,[/latex]as shown on the left in Figure a, and the compression, using[latex]\,a=\frac{1}{3},[/latex]to get[latex]\,h\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{3}{\left(2\right)}^{x}\,[/latex]as shown on the right in Figure b.
Graphing Reflections
In addition to shifting, compressing, and stretching a graph, we can also reflect it about the x-axis or the y-axis. When we multiply the parent function[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x}\,[/latex]by[latex]\,-1,[/latex]we get a reflection about the x-axis. When we multiply the input by[latex]\,-1,[/latex]we get a reflection about the y-axis. For example, if we begin by graphing the parent function[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={2}^{x},[/latex] we can then graph the two reflections alongside it. The reflection about the x-axis,[latex]\,g\left(x\right)={-2}^{x},[/latex] is shown on the left side of Figure 10, and the reflection about the y-axis, [latex]\,h\left(x\right)={2}^{-x},[/latex] is shown on the right side of Figure 13.
Key Equations
| General Form for the Translation of the Parent Function[latex]\text{ }f\left(x\right)={b}^{x}[/latex] | [latex]f\left(x\right)=a{b}^{x+c}+d[/latex] |
Key Concepts
- The graph of the function[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x}\,[/latex]has a y-intercept at[latex]\,\left(0, 1\right),[/latex] domain[latex]\,\left(-\infty , \infty \right),[/latex] range[latex]\,\left(0, \infty \right),[/latex] and horizontal asymptote[latex]\,y=0.\,[/latex]
- If[latex]\,b>1,[/latex] the function is increasing. The left tail of the graph will approach the asymptote[latex]\,y=0,[/latex] and the right tail will increase without bound.
- If [latex]\,0 \lt b \lt 1\,[/latex], the function is decreasing. The left tail of the graph will increase without bound, and the right tail will approach the asymptote[latex]\,y=0.[/latex]
- The equation[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x}+d\,[/latex]represents a vertical shift of the parent function[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x}.[/latex]
- The equation[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x+c}\,[/latex]represents a horizontal shift of the parent function[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x}.\,[/latex]
- Approximate solutions of the equation[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x+c}+d\,[/latex]can be found using a graphing calculator.
- The equation[latex]\,f\left(x\right)=a{b}^{x},[/latex] where[latex]\,a>0,[/latex] represents a vertical stretch if[latex]\,|a|>1\,[/latex]or compression if[latex]\,0 \lt|a| \lt 1\,[/latex]of the parent function[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x}.\,[/latex]
- When the parent function[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x}\,[/latex]is multiplied by[latex]\,-1,[/latex]the result,[latex]\,f\left(x\right)=-{b}^{x},[/latex] is a reflection about the x-axis. When the input is multiplied by[latex]\,-1,[/latex]the result,[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{-x},[/latex] is a reflection about the y-axis.
- All translations of the exponential function can be summarized by the general equation[latex]\,f\left(x\right)=a{b}^{x+c}+d.\,[/latex]
- Using the general equation[latex]\,f\left(x\right)=a{b}^{x+c}+d,[/latex] we can write the equation of a function given its description.
Section Exercises
Verbal
- What role does the horizontal asymptote of an exponential function play in telling us about the end behavior of the graph?
Show Solution
An asymptote is a line that the graph of a function approaches, as[latex]\,x\,[/latex]either increases or decreases without bound. The horizontal asymptote of an exponential function tells us the limit of the function’s values as the independent variable gets either extremely large or extremely small.
- What is the advantage of knowing how to recognize transformations of the graph of a parent function algebraically?
Algebraic
- The graph of[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={3}^{x}\,[/latex]is reflected about the y-axis and stretched vertically by a factor of[latex]\,4.\,[/latex]What is the equation of the new function,[latex]\,g\left(x\right)?\,[/latex]State its y-intercept, domain, and range.
Show Solution
[latex]g\left(x\right)=4{\left(3\right)}^{-x};\,[/latex]y-intercept:[latex]\,\left(0,4\right);\,[/latex]domain: all real numbers; range: all real numbers greater than[latex]\,0.[/latex]
- The graph of[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}^{-x}\,[/latex]is reflected about the y-axis and compressed vertically by a factor of[latex]\,\frac{1}{5}.\,[/latex]What is the equation of the new function,[latex]\,g\left(x\right)?\,[/latex]State its y-intercept, domain, and range.
- The graph of[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={10}^{x}\,[/latex]is reflected about the x-axis and shifted upward[latex]\,7\,[/latex]units. What is the equation of the new function,[latex]\,g\left(x\right)?\,[/latex]State its y-intercept, domain, and range.
Show Solution
[latex]g\left(x\right)=-{10}^{x}+7;\,[/latex]y-intercept:[latex]\,\left(0,6\right);\,[/latex]domain: all real numbers; range: all real numbers less than[latex]\,7.[/latex]
- The graph of[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={\left(1.68\right)}^{x}\,[/latex]is shifted right[latex]\,3\,[/latex]units, stretched vertically by a factor of[latex]\,2,[/latex] reflected about the x-axis, and then shifted downward[latex]\,3\,[/latex]units. What is the equation of the new function,[latex]\,g\left(x\right)?\,[/latex]State its y-intercept (to the nearest thousandth), domain, and range.
- The graph of[latex]\,f\left(x\right)=2{\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)}^{x-20}[/latex] is shifted left[latex]\,2\,[/latex]units, stretched vertically by a factor of[latex]\,4,[/latex]reflected about the x-axis, and then shifted downward[latex]\,4\,[/latex]units. What is the equation of the new function,[latex]\,g\left(x\right)?\,[/latex]State its y-intercept, domain, and range.
Show Solution
[latex]g\left(x\right)=2{\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)}^{x};\,[/latex] y-intercept:[latex]\,\left(0,\text{ 2}\right);\,[/latex]domain: all real numbers; range: all real numbers greater than[latex]\,0.[/latex]
Graphical
For the following exercises, graph the function and its reflection about the y-axis on the same axes, and give the y-intercept.
- [latex]f\left(x\right)=3{\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}^{x}[/latex]
- [latex]g\left(x\right)=-2{\left(0.25\right)}^{x}[/latex]
- [latex]h\left(x\right)=6{\left(1.75\right)}^{-x}[/latex]
For the following exercises, graph each set of functions on the same axes.
- [latex]f\left(x\right)=3{\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)}^{x},[/latex][latex]g\left(x\right)=3{\left(2\right)}^{x},[/latex] and[latex]\,h\left(x\right)=3{\left(4\right)}^{x}[/latex]
Show Solution
- [latex]f\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{4}{\left(3\right)}^{x},[/latex][latex]g\left(x\right)=2{\left(3\right)}^{x},[/latex]and[latex]\,h\left(x\right)=4{\left(3\right)}^{x}[/latex]
For the following exercises, match each function with one of the graphs in Figure 18.
- [latex]f\left(x\right)=2{\left(0.69\right)}^{x}[/latex]
Show Solution
B
- [latex]f\left(x\right)=2{\left(1.28\right)}^{x}[/latex]
- [latex]f\left(x\right)=2{\left(0.81\right)}^{x}[/latex]
Show Solution
A
- [latex]f\left(x\right)=4{\left(1.28\right)}^{x}[/latex]
- [latex]f\left(x\right)=2{\left(1.59\right)}^{x}[/latex]
Show Solution
E
- [latex]f\left(x\right)=4{\left(0.69\right)}^{x}[/latex]
For the following exercises, use the graphs shown in Figure 19. All have the form[latex]\,f\left(x\right)=a{b}^{x}.[/latex]
- Which graph has the largest value for[latex]\,b?[/latex]
Show Solution
D
- Which graph has the smallest value for[latex]\,b?[/latex]
- Which graph has the largest value for[latex]\,a?[/latex]
Show Solution
C
- Which graph has the smallest value for[latex]\,a?[/latex]
For the following exercises, graph the function and its reflection about the x-axis on the same axes.
- [latex]f\left(x\right)=3{\left(0.75\right)}^{x}-1[/latex]
For the following exercises, graph the transformation of[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={2}^{x}.\,[/latex]Give the horizontal asymptote, the domain, and the range.
- [latex]f\left(x\right)={2}^{-x}[/latex]
- [latex]h\left(x\right)={2}^{x}+3[/latex]
- [latex]f\left(x\right)={2}^{x-2}[/latex]
For the following exercises, describe the end behavior of the graphs of the functions.
- [latex]f\left(x\right)=-5{\left(4\right)}^{x}-1[/latex]
Show Solution
As [latex]x\to \infty[/latex],
[latex]f\left(x\right)\to -\infty[/latex];
- [latex]f\left(x\right)=3{\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}^{x}-2[/latex]
- [latex]f\left(x\right)=3{\left(4\right)}^{-x}+2[/latex]
Show Solution
As [latex]x\to \infty[/latex],
[latex]f\left(x\right)\to 2[/latex];
For the following exercises, start with the graph of[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={4}^{x}.\,[/latex]Then write a function that results from the given transformation.
- Shift [latex]f\left(x\right)[/latex] 4 units upward
- Shift[latex]\,f\left(x\right)\,[/latex]3 units downward
Show Solution
[latex]f\left(x\right)={4}^{x}-3[/latex]
- Shift[latex]\,f\left(x\right)\,[/latex]2 units left
- Shift[latex]\,f\left(x\right)\,[/latex]5 units right
Show Solution
[latex]f\left(x\right)={4}^{x-5}[/latex]
- Reflect[latex]\,f\left(x\right)\,[/latex]about the x-axis
- Reflect[latex]\,f\left(x\right)\,[/latex]about the y-axis
Show Solution
[latex]f\left(x\right)={4}^{-x}[/latex]
For the following exercises, each graph is a transformation of[latex]\,y={2}^{x}.\,[/latex]Write an equation describing the transformation.
For the following exercises, find an exponential equation for the graph.
Numeric
For the following exercises, evaluate the exponential functions for the indicated value of[latex]\,x.[/latex]
- [latex]g\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{3}{\left(7\right)}^{x-2}\,[/latex]for[latex]\,g\left(6\right).[/latex]
Show Solution
[latex]g\left(6\right)=800+\frac{1}{3}\approx 800.3333[/latex]
- [latex]f\left(x\right)=4{\left(2\right)}^{x-1}-2\,[/latex]for[latex]\,f\left(5\right).[/latex]
- [latex]h\left(x\right)=-\frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}^{x}+6\,[/latex]for[latex]\,h\left(-7\right).[/latex]
Show Solution
[latex]h\left(-7\right)=-58[/latex]
Technology
For the following exercises, use a graphing calculator to approximate the solutions of the equation. Round to the nearest thousandth.
- [latex]-50=-{\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}^{-x}[/latex]
- [latex]116=\frac{1}{4}{\left(\frac{1}{8}\right)}^{x}[/latex]
Show Solution
[latex]x\approx -2.953[/latex]
- [latex]12=2{\left(3\right)}^{x}+1[/latex]
- [latex]5=3{\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}^{x-1}-2[/latex]
Show Solution
[latex]x\approx -0.222[/latex]
- [latex]-30=-4{\left(2\right)}^{x+2}+2[/latex]
Extensions
- Explore and discuss the graphs of[latex]\,F\left(x\right)={\left(b\right)}^{x}\,[/latex]and[latex]\,G\left(x\right)={\left(\frac{1}{b}\right)}^{x}.\,[/latex]Then make a conjecture about the relationship between the graphs of the functions[latex]\,{b}^{x}\,[/latex]and[latex]\,{\left(\frac{1}{b}\right)}^{x}\,[/latex]for any real number[latex]\,b>0.[/latex]
Show Solution
The graph of[latex]\,G\left(x\right)={\left(\frac{1}{b}\right)}^{x}\,[/latex]is the reflection about the y-axis of the graph of[latex]\,F\left(x\right)={b}^{x};\,[/latex]For any real number[latex]\,b>0\,[/latex]and function[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x},[/latex] the graph of[latex]\,{\left(\frac{1}{b}\right)}^{x}\,[/latex]is the the reflection about the y-axis,[latex]\,F\left(-x\right).[/latex]
- Prove the conjecture made in the previous exercise.
- Explore and discuss the graphs of[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={4}^{x},[/latex][latex]\,g\left(x\right)={4}^{x-2},[/latex]and[latex]\,h\left(x\right)=\left(\frac{1}{16}\right){4}^{x}.\,[/latex]Then make a conjecture about the relationship between the graphs of the functions[latex]\,{b}^{x}\,[/latex]and[latex]\,\left(\frac{1}{{b}^{n}}\right){b}^{x}\,[/latex]for any real number n and real number[latex]\,b>0.[/latex]
Show Solution
The graphs of[latex]\,g\left(x\right)\,[/latex]and[latex]\,h\left(x\right)\,[/latex]are the same and are a horizontal shift to the right of the graph of[latex]\,f\left(x\right);\,[/latex]for any real number n, real number[latex]\,b>0,[/latex] and function[latex]\,f\left(x\right)={b}^{x},[/latex] the graph of[latex]\,\left(\frac{1}{{b}^{n}}\right){b}^{x}\,[/latex]is the horizontal shift[latex]\,f\left(x-n\right).[/latex]
- Prove the conjecture made in the previous exercise.
Media Attributions
- 6.2 Figure 1 © OpenStax Algebra and Trigonometry is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license
- 6.2 Figure 2 © OpenStax Algebra and Trigonometry is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license
- 6.2 Figure 3 © OpenStax Algebra and Trigonometry, 2e is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license
- 6.2 Figure 4 © OpenStax Algebra and Trigonometry is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license
- 6.2 Figure 5 © OpenStax College Algebra is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license
- 6.2 Figure 6 © OpenStax Algebra and Trigonometry, 2e is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license
- 6.2 Figure A © OpenStax Algebra and Trigonometry is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license
- 6.2 Figure 7 © OpenStax Algebra and Trigonometry is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license
- 6.2 Figure 8 © OpenStax Algebra and Trigonometry is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license
- 6.2 Figure 9 © OpenStax Algebra and Trigonometry is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license
- 6.2 Figure 10 © OpenStax Algebra and Trigonometry is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license
- 6.2 Figure 11 © OpenStax Algebra and Trigonometry is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license
- 6.2 Figure 12 © OpenStax Algebra and Trigonometry
- 6.2 Figure 13 © OpenStax Algebra and Trigonometry is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license
- 6.2 Figure 14 © OpenStax Algebra and Trigonometry is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license
- 6.2 Figure 15 © OpenStax Precalculus is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license
- 6.2 Graph (exercise 9) © OpenStax Precalculus is licensed under a CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike) license
- 6.2-Graph-exercise-11 © OpenStax Algebra and Trigonometry is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license
- 6.2 Figure 18.Graph (exercise 12) © OpenStax Algebra and Trigonometry is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license
- 6.2 Figure 19.Graph(exercise 18) © OpenStax Algebra and Trigonometry is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license
- 6.2 Graph (exercise 25) © OpenStax Algebra and Trigonometry is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license
- 6.2 Graph (exercise 27) © OpenStax Precalculus (Lumen) is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license
- 6.2 Graph (exercise 38) © OpenStax Algebra and Trigonometry is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license
- 6.2 Graph (exercise 39) © OpenStax Algebra and Trigonometry is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license
- 6.2 Graph (exercise 40) © OpenStax Algebra and Trigonometry is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license
- 6.2 Graph (exercise 41) © OpenStax College Algebra is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license
- 6.2 Graph (exercise 42) © OpenStax Algebra and Trigonometry is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license