9.2 Juvenile Justice Introduction
Alison S. Burke; Michelle Holcomb; and Kate McLean
The juvenile justice system was founded on the premise that juveniles are different from adults and require special attention and treatment. The juvenile justice system is responsible for correcting the behavior of troublesome youth. Two fundamental institutional assumptions are (1) juveniles are easily influenced, and thus (2) they can be rehabilitated. For these reasons, the juvenile system believes that public safety is best served by emphasizing the treatment, rather than the incapacitation and punishment, of juveniles (Cox, 2003). Unfortunately, sensationalized media exposure of violent youth led to exaggerated public fear of juvenile crime, “get-tough” legislation, and a perceived need to “do something” about juvenile crime in the 1990s and 2000s (Benekos, 2004). This punitive position is nothing new. Before the inception of the juvenile justice system in 1899, youth were treated the same as adults. They were considered fully blameworthy for their actions and housed alongside adult offenders in jails and prisons. Recent research has utilized neuroscience to support the need to treat juveniles differently because they are different. The sections of the brain that govern characteristics associated with moral culpability, behavioral control, and the appreciation of consequences do not stop maturing until the early 20s. Therefore, it is assumed that someone under age 20, such as a juvenile delinquent, has an underdeveloped brain.
When addressing juvenile delinquency in America, the pendulum swings from punitive policies to rehabilitative policies and then back again depending on media, politics, and the current climate. There is no magic-bullet approach to preventing juvenile delinquency, but as the court evolves, changes, and utilizes best practices, it gets closer.
The youth crime “problem” is examined as a social construction and moral panic created by institutions in Western societies. The talk traces the evolution of youth crime into a phenomenon persistently misrepresented as an escalating social epidemic. The developmental life stages of “childhood” and “adolescence” as inventions are explored, highlighting differences between young people and adults. In this way, “youth crime” can be identified as a social problem requiring distinct responses. A running theme is that a child as a source of adult anxiety and fear, motivating societies to create structures, processes, theories, and images of youth crime that punish lawbreakers. The “solution” is the “positive youth justice” model. Children should not be punished as if they are adults, but their criminal behavior should be seen as a normal part of growing up. Instead, they should be worked with to meet their needs, to embrace their human rights, and to promote their life chances.
Deserving blame
inflicting punishment