Biology Part II

Jung Choi; Mary Ann Clark; Matthew Douglas

Book Title: Biology Part II

Authors: Jung Choi; Mary Ann Clark; and Matthew Douglas

Book Description: ONGOING EDITS: Please note that this edition of the textbook is subject to updates and revisions through 2024.

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Introduction
Preface
Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
I. 1 Evolution and the Origin of Species
1. 1. 1.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 2. 1.2 Understanding Evolution
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
3. 3. 1.3 Formation of New Species
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
4. 4. 1.4 Reconnection and Speciation Rates
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
II. 2 The Evolution of Populations
1. 5. 2.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 6. 2.2 Population Evolution
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
3. 7. 2.3 Population Genetics
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
4. 8. 2.4 Adaptive Evolution
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
III. 3 Viruses
1. 9. 3.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 10. 3.2 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
3. 11. 3.3 Virus Infections and Hosts
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
4. 12. 3.4 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
5. 13. 3.5 Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
IV. 4 Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
1. 14. 4.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 15. 4.2 Prokaryotic Diversity
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
3. 16. 4.3 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
4. 17. 4.4 Prokaryotic Metabolism
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
5. 18. 4.5 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
6. 19. 4.6 Beneficial Prokaryotes
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
V. 5 Protists
1. 20. 5.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 21. 5.2 Eukaryotic Origins
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
3. 22. 5.3 Characteristics of Protists
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
4. 23. 5.4 Groups of Protists
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
VI. 6 Fungi
1. 24. 6.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 25. 6.2 Characteristics of Fungi
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
3. 26. 6.3 Classifications of Fungi
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
4. 27. 6.4 Ecology of Fungi
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
5. 28. 6.5 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
6. 29. 6.6 Importance of Fungi in Human Life
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
VII. 7 Introduction to Animal Diversity
1. 30. 7.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 31. 7.2 Features of the Animal Kingdom
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
3. 32. 7.3 Features Used to Classify Animals
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
4. 33. 7.4 Animal Phylogeny
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
5. 34. 7.5 The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
VIII. 8 Invertebrates
1. 35. 8.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 36. 8.2 Phylum Porifera
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
3. 37. 8.3 Phylum Cnidaria
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
4. 38. 8.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
5. 39. 8.5 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Mollusks and Annelids
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
6. 40. 8.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nematodes and Tardigrades
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
7. 41. 8.7 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
8. 42. 8.8 Superphylum Deuterostomia
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
IX. 9 Vertebrates
1. 43. 9.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 44. 9.2 Chordates
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
3. 45. 9.3 Fishes
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
4. 46. 9.4 Amphibians
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
5. 47. 9.5 Reptiles
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
6. 48. 9.6 Birds
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
7. 49. 9.7 Mammals
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
8. 50. 9.8 The Evolution of Primates
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
X. 10 Plant Form and Physiology
1. 51. 10.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 52. 10.2 The Plant Body
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
3. 53. 10.3 Stems
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
4. 54. 10.4 Roots
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
5. 55. 10.5 Leaves
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
XI. 11 Plant Reproduction
1. 56. 11.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 57. 11.2 Reproductive Development and Structure
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
3. 58. 11.3 Pollination and Fertilization
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
4. 59. 11.4 Asexual Reproduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
XII. 12 The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function
1. 60. 12.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 61. 12.2 Animal Form and Function
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
3. 62. 12.3 Animal Primary Tissues
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
4. 63. 12.4 Homeostasis
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
XIII. 13 Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System
1. 64. 13.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 65. 13.2 Digestive Systems
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
3. 66. 13.3 Nutrition and Energy Production
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
4. 67. 13.4 Digestive System Processes
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
5. 68. 13.5 Digestive System Regulation
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
XIV. 14 The Nervous System
1. 69. 14.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 70. 14.2 Neurons and Glial Cells
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
3. 71. 14.3 How Neurons Communicate
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
4. 72. 14.4 The Central Nervous System
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
5. 73. 14.5 The Peripheral Nervous System
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
6. 74. 14.6 Nervous System Disorders
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
XV. 15 Sensory Systems
1. 75. 15.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 76. 15.2 Sensory Processes
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
3. 77. 15.3 Somatosensation
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
4. 78. 15.4 Taste and Smell
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
5. 79. 15.5 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
6. 80. 15.6 Vision
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
XVI. 16 The Endocrine System
1. 81. 16.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 82. 16.2 Types of Hormones
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
3. 83. 16.3 How Hormones Work
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
4. 84. 16.4 Regulation of Body Processes
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
5. 85. 16.5 Regulation of Hormone Production
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
6. 86. 16.6 Endocrine Glands
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
XVII. 17 The Musculoskeletal System
1. 87. 17.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 88. 17.2 Types of Skeletal Systems
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
3. 89. 17.3 Bone
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
4. 90. 17.4 Joints and Skeletal Movement
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
5. 91. 17.5 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
XVIII. 18 The Respiratory System
1. 92. 18.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 93. 18.2 Systems of Gas Exchange
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
3. 94. 18.3 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
4. 95. 18.4 Breathing
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
5. 96. 18.5 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
XIX. 19 The Circulatory System
1. 97. 19.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 98. 19.2 Overview of the Circulatory System
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
3. 99. 19.3 Components of the Blood
  Jung Choi; Mary Ann Clark; and Matthew Douglas
4. 100. 19.4 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
5. 101. 19.5 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
XX. 20 Osmotic Regulation and Excretion
1. 102. 20.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 103. 20.2 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
3. 104. 20.3 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
  Jung Choi; Mary Ann Clark; and Matthew Douglas
4. 105. 20.4 Excretion Systems
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
5. 106. 20.5 Nitrogenous Wastes
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
6. 107. 20.6 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
XXI. 21 The Immune System
1. 108. 21.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 109. 21.2 Innate Immune Response
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
3. 110. 21.3 Adaptive Immune Response
  Jung Choi; Mary Ann Clark; and Matthew Douglas
4. 111. 21.4 Antibodies
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
5. 112. 21.5 Disruptions in the Immune System
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
XXII. 22 Animal Reproduction and Development
1. 113. 22.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 114. 22.2 Reproduction Methods
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
3. 115. 22.3 Fertilization
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
4. 116. 22.4 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
  Jung Choi; Mary Ann Clark; and Matthew Douglas
5. 117. 22.5 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
  Jung Choi; Mary Ann Clark; and Matthew Douglas
6. 118. 22.6 Human Pregnancy and Birth
  Jung Choi; Mary Ann Clark; and Matthew Douglas
7. 119. 22.7 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
  Jung Choi; Mary Ann Clark; and Matthew Douglas
8. 120. 22.8 Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation
  Jung Choi; Mary Ann Clark; and Matthew Douglas
XXIII. 23 Ecology and the Biosphere
1. 121. 23.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 122. 23.2 The Scope of Ecology
  Jung Choi; Mary Ann Clark; and Matthew Douglas
3. 123. 23.3 Biogeography
  Jung Choi; Mary Ann Clark; and Matthew Douglas
4. 124. 23.4 Terrestrial Biomes
  Jung Choi; Mary Ann Clark; and Matthew Douglas
5. 125. 23.5 Aquatic Biomes
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
6. 126. 23.6 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
  Jung Choi; Mary Ann Clark; and Matthew Douglas
XXIV. 24 Population and Community Ecology
1. 127. 24.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 128. 24.2 Population Demography
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
3. 129. 24.3 Life Histories and Natural Selection
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
4. 130. 24.4 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
  Jung Choi; Mary Ann Clark; and Matthew Douglas
5. 131. 24.5 Population Dynamics and Regulation
  Jung Choi; Mary Ann Clark; and Matthew Douglas
6. 132. 24.6 Human Population Growth
  Jung Choi; Mary Ann Clark; and Matthew Douglas
7. 133. 24.7 Community Ecology
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
8. 134. 24.8 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
  Jung Choi; Mary Ann Clark; and Matthew Douglas
XXV. 25 Ecosystems
1. 135. 25.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 136. 25.2 Ecology of Ecosystems
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
3. 137. 25.3 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
  Jung Choi; Mary Ann Clark; and Matthew Douglas
4. 138. 25.4 Biogeochemical Cycles
  Jung Choi; Mary Ann Clark; and Matthew Douglas
XXVI. 26 Conservation Biology and Biodiversity
1. 139. 26.1 Introduction
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
2. 140. 26.2 The Biodiversity Crisis
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
3. 141. 26.3 The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life
  Jung Choi; Mary Ann Clark; and Matthew Douglas
4. 142. 26.4 Threats to Biodiversity
  Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
5. 143. 26.5 Preserving Biodiversity
  Jung Choi; Mary Ann Clark; and Matthew Douglas
Appendix A: Checklist for Accessibility
The Periodic Table of Elements
Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
Geological Time
Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
Measurements and the Metric System
Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas

Book Information

Authors

Jung Choi; Mary Ann Clark; and Matthew Douglas

License

Icon for the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

Subject

Biology, life sciences

Metadata

Title: Biology Part II
Authors: Jung Choi; Mary Ann Clark; and Matthew Douglas
Editors: Amelia Brister; Dagne Hill; Latoya Paul; Lisa Mims-Devezin; Sharon Lagarde; and Stephanie Villalba
License: Biology Part II Copyright © 2022 by LOUIS: The Louisiana Library Network is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.
This book was a revised and remixed edition of Biology 2e, 2nd edition, An OpenStax Resource.
Primary Subject: Biology, life sciences
Publisher: LOUIS: The Louisiana Library Network
Publication Date: July 22, 2022