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Introduction
Preface
Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas
1. 1.1 Introduction
2. 1.2 Understanding Evolution
3. 1.3 Formation of New Species
4. 1.4 Reconnection and Speciation Rates
5. 2.1 Introduction
6. 2.2 Population Evolution
7. 2.3 Population Genetics
8. 2.4 Adaptive Evolution
9. 3.1 Introduction
10. 3.2 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
11. 3.3 Virus Infections and Hosts
12. 3.4 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
13. 3.5 Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids
14. 4.1 Introduction
15. 4.2 Prokaryotic Diversity
16. 4.3 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
17. 4.4 Prokaryotic Metabolism
18. 4.5 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
19. 4.6 Beneficial Prokaryotes
20. 5.1 Introduction
21. 5.2 Eukaryotic Origins
22. 5.3 Characteristics of Protists
23. 5.4 Groups of Protists
24. 6.1 Introduction
25. 6.2 Characteristics of Fungi
26. 6.3 Classifications of Fungi
27. 6.4 Ecology of Fungi
28. 6.5 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
29. 6.6 Importance of Fungi in Human Life
30. 7.1 Introduction
31. 7.2 Features of the Animal Kingdom
32. 7.3 Features Used to Classify Animals
33. 7.4 Animal Phylogeny
34. 7.5 The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom
35. 8.1 Introduction
36. 8.2 Phylum Porifera
37. 8.3 Phylum Cnidaria
38. 8.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans
39. 8.5 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Mollusks and Annelids
40. 8.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nematodes and Tardigrades
41. 8.7 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods
42. 8.8 Superphylum Deuterostomia
43. 9.1 Introduction
44. 9.2 Chordates
45. 9.3 Fishes
46. 9.4 Amphibians
47. 9.5 Reptiles
48. 9.6 Birds
49. 9.7 Mammals
50. 9.8 The Evolution of Primates
51. 10.1 Introduction
52. 10.2 The Plant Body
53. 10.3 Stems
54. 10.4 Roots
55. 10.5 Leaves
56. 11.1 Introduction
57. 11.2 Reproductive Development and Structure
58. 11.3 Pollination and Fertilization
59. 11.4 Asexual Reproduction
60. 12.1 Introduction
61. 12.2 Animal Form and Function
62. 12.3 Animal Primary Tissues
63. 12.4 Homeostasis
64. 13.1 Introduction
65. 13.2 Digestive Systems
66. 13.3 Nutrition and Energy Production
67. 13.4 Digestive System Processes
68. 13.5 Digestive System Regulation
69. 14.1 Introduction
70. 14.2 Neurons and Glial Cells
71. 14.3 How Neurons Communicate
72. 14.4 The Central Nervous System
73. 14.5 The Peripheral Nervous System
74. 14.6 Nervous System Disorders
75. 15.1 Introduction
76. 15.2 Sensory Processes
77. 15.3 Somatosensation
78. 15.4 Taste and Smell
79. 15.5 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
80. 15.6 Vision
81. 16.1 Introduction
82. 16.2 Types of Hormones
83. 16.3 How Hormones Work
84. 16.4 Regulation of Body Processes
85. 16.5 Regulation of Hormone Production
86. 16.6 Endocrine Glands
87. 17.1 Introduction
88. 17.2 Types of Skeletal Systems
89. 17.3 Bone
90. 17.4 Joints and Skeletal Movement
91. 17.5 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
92. 18.1 Introduction
93. 18.2 Systems of Gas Exchange
94. 18.3 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
95. 18.4 Breathing
96. 18.5 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
97. 19.1 Introduction
98. 19.2 Overview of the Circulatory System
99. 19.3 Components of the Blood
Jung Choi; Mary Ann Clark; and Matthew Douglas
100. 19.4 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
101. 19.5 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
102. 20.1 Introduction
103. 20.2 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
104. 20.3 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
105. 20.4 Excretion Systems
106. 20.5 Nitrogenous Wastes
107. 20.6 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
108. 21.1 Introduction
109. 21.2 Innate Immune Response
110. 21.3 Adaptive Immune Response
111. 21.4 Antibodies
112. 21.5 Disruptions in the Immune System
113. 22.1 Introduction
114. 22.2 Reproduction Methods
115. 22.3 Fertilization
116. 22.4 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
117. 22.5 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
118. 22.6 Human Pregnancy and Birth
119. 22.7 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
120. 22.8 Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation
121. 23.1 Introduction
122. 23.2 The Scope of Ecology
123. 23.3 Biogeography
124. 23.4 Terrestrial Biomes
125. 23.5 Aquatic Biomes
126. 23.6 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
127. 24.1 Introduction
128. 24.2 Population Demography
129. 24.3 Life Histories and Natural Selection
130. 24.4 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
131. 24.5 Population Dynamics and Regulation
132. 24.6 Human Population Growth
133. 24.7 Community Ecology
134. 24.8 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
135. 25.1 Introduction
136. 25.2 Ecology of Ecosystems
137. 25.3 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
138. 25.4 Biogeochemical Cycles
139. 26.1 Introduction
140. 26.2 The Biodiversity Crisis
141. 26.3 The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life
142. 26.4 Threats to Biodiversity
143. 26.5 Preserving Biodiversity
Appendix A: Checklist for Accessibility
The Periodic Table of Elements
Geological Time
Measurements and the Metric System
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The Periodic Table of Elements Copyright © 2022 by Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.