Glossary
- Annual percentage rate (APR)
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the total interest that will be paid in the year
- contrapositive
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the statement formed by interchanging and negating both the hypothesis and the conclusion of a conditional statement.
- Annual percentage yield (APY)
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the real rate of return earned on an investment, taking into account the effect of compounding interest.
- antecedent
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The clause associated with the "if" statement in a compound statement
- Augmented matrix
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A matrix in which we use a vertical line to separate the coefficient entries from the constants, essentially replacing the equal signs.
- bar chart
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a visualization of categorical data that consists of a series of rectangles arranged side-by-side (but not touching)
- bimodal
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describes the data when there are two modes
- binned frequency distribution
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groups the data into ranges of values called bins, then records the number of responses in each bin
- Boundary Line
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The line with equation [latex]Ax+By=C[/latex] is the boundary line that separates the region where [latex]Ax+By > C[/latex] from the region where [latex]Ax+By
- Categorical data
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classifies the unit into a group (or category)
- categorical frequency distribution
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a table with two columns. The first contains all the categories present in the data, each listed once. The second contains the frequencies of each category, which are just a count of how often each category appears in the data.
- centrality
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describes the middle of a set of data
- cluster sample
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a sample where clusters of units are chosen at random, instead of choosing individual units
- Coefficient matrix
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A matrix formed by extracting the coefficients from the system and writing them in a rectangular array
- Column
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A set of numbers that are aligned vertically
- Column matrix
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A matrix consisting of one column
- Compound inequalities
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Inequalities that consist of more than one part
- compounding
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reinvestment of interest
- conclusion
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the judgment made based on the premises
- conditional
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joining two logical statements with the word implies, or using the phrase “if first statement, then second statement,”
- Conditional Equations
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An equation that is true for one value of the variable and false for all other values of the variable is a conditional equation.
- conditional probability
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The probability of an event, given that another event has already occurred
- conjunction
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the joining of two logical statements with the word "and" or "but"
- consequent
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the clause following the "then" statement in a compound statement
- Consistent system
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A consistent system of equations has at least one solution.
- contradiction
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An equation that is false for all values of the variable
- converse
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the statement formed by interchanging the hypothesis and the conclusion of a conditional statement.
- data
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observations made on units
- deductive arguments
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deductive arguments attempt to draw specific conclusions from at least one or more general premises.
- Dependent system
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A dependent system is a consistent system whose equations have the same slope and the same y-intercepts.
- Dimensions
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The number of rows in a matrix by the number of columns in the matrix
- disjunction
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the joining of two logical statements with the word “or”
- Entry
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Each number in a matrix. An entry may also be called an element.
- Equations
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A mathematical relation in which two expressions are equal to each other
- Event
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Any particular outcome or group of outcomes of a probability experiment
- Expected Value
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the average gain or loss of an event if the procedure is repeated many times
- factorial
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the product of an integer and all positive integers below it
- fallacy
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A false or deceptive argument
- Gaussian elimination
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Gaussian elimination method refers to a strategy used to obtain the row-echelon form of a matrix.
- graph
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a visual representation of all the solutions of the equation
- Hasty generalization
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the name given to any fallacy that presents a weak inductive argument.
- Histograms
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visualizations that can be used for any set of quantitative data, no matter how big or spread out
- Horizontal line
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A horizontal line is the graph of an equation of the form [latex]y=b[/latex] The line passes through the y-axis at [latex](0,b)[/latex].
- hypothesis
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the clause following the "if" statement in a compound statement
- identity
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An equation that is true for any value of the variable
- Identity matrix
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A square matrix containing ones down the main diagonal and zeros everywhere else; the identity matrix acts as a 1 in matrix algebra
- Inconsistent system
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A system of equations in which the equations represent two parallel lines; hence, there is no solution to the system.
- Independent system
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An independent system is a consistent system that has a single solution.
- inductive arguments
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Logical arguments that begin with specific premises and attempt to draw more general conclusions
- Inequality
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A relation between two mathematical expressions that are not equal
- Intercepts of a Line
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The points where a line crosses the x-axis and the y-axis are called the intercepts of the line.
- Inverse
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The multiplicative inverse of a matrix
- law of detachment
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a valid form of a conditional argument that asserts that if both the conditional, [latex]p \rightarrow q[/latex], and the hypothesis, [latex]p[/latex], are true, then the conclusion [latex]q[/latex] must also be true.
- left-skewed
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data are bunched up at the high end or larger values, and taper off toward the low end or smaller values
- Linear Equation
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An equation of the form [latex]Ax+By=C[/latex] where A and B are not both zero, is called a linear equation in two variables.
- Linear Inequality
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A linear inequality is an inequality that can be written in one of the following forms: [latex]Ax+By > C[/latex], [latex]Ax+By \geq C[/latex], [latex]Ax+By < C[/latex], or [latex]Ax+By \leq C[/latex], where A and B are not both zero.
- Literal equations
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A literal equation is an equation where variables represent known values
- logically equivalent
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two expressions that have the same truth value for all possible combinations of truth claues for all variables in the expressions.
- Main diagonal
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The matrix entries that lie on the diagonal from the upper left corner to the lower right corner of a matrix.
- Matrix
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A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged into rows and columns.
- mode
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the value that appears most often
- multiplication principle
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states that the number of ways you can select an item from a group of n items and another item from a group with m items is equal to the product of m and n
- Multiplicative inverse of a matrix
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A matrix whose product with another matrix results in the identity matrix; also called the inverse of a matrix
- negation of a conditional
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The negation of any statement has the opposite truth values of the original statement.
- Ordered pair
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An ordered pair, [latex](x,y)[/latex] gives the coordinates of a point in a rectangular coordinate system. The first number is the x-coordinate. The second number is the y-coordinate.
- ordinary annuities
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An annuity where the payment is made at the end of the period
- Origin
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The point [latex](0,0)[/latex] is called the origin. It is the point where the x-axis and y-axis intersect.
- Outcome
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The result of an experiment
- Parallel
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Parallel lines are lines in the same plane that do not intersect.
- payout annuity
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With a payout annuity, you start with money in the account, and pull money out of the account on a regular basis.
- Perpendicular
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Perpendicular lines are lines in the same plane that form a right angle.
- Perpendicular lines
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lines in the same plane that form a right angle
- pie chart
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consists of a circle divided into wedges, with each wedge corresponding to a category
- premises
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the logical statements made to support the argument
- Principal
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The amount your account starts with, such as a starting investment or the amount of a loan
- Quadrants
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The four regions formed by the intersecting x- and y-axes,
- quantifier
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a term that expresses a numerical relationship between two sets or categories
- Quantitative data
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is a numerical measure of a property of a unit
- range
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the difference between the maximum and minimum values in the set
- right-skewed
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data are bunched up at the low end, and taper off toward the high end
- Row
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A set of numbers that are aligned horizontally
- Row matrix
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A matrix consisting of one row
- Row operations
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These are all operations that can be performed on a matrix without changing the solution to the corresponding system. These operations include, addition, multiplication, and interchanging rows.
- Row-echelon form
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A matrix form in which there are ones down the main diagonal and zeros in every position below the main diagonal.
- Row-equivalent
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Matrices that can be changed from one to another by employing a sequence of row operations.
- Sample space
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The set of all possible simple events
- samples
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groups of units from which we collect data
- savings annuity
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Saving for the future by depositing a smaller amount of money from each paycheck into the bank
- Scalar multiple
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Any entry of a matrix that results from scalar multiplication
- Scalar multiplication
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Scalar multiplication involves finding the product of a constant by each entry in the matrix
- Simple event
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An event that can only have a single outcome
- simple random sample
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chosen in a way that every unit in the population has an equal chance of being selected, and the chances of a unit being selected do not depend on the units already chosen
- slope
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the measure of the steepness of a line
- slope–intercept form of an equation of a line
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slope m and y-intercept, [latex](0,b)[/latex] is [latex]y=mx+b[/latex].
- Solution
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A solution is a value of a variable that makes a true statement when substituted into the equation.
- Solution of a Linear Equation in Two Variables
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An ordered pair [latex](x,y)[/latex] is a solution of the linear equation[latex]Ax+By=C[/latex] if the equation is a true statement when the x– and y-values of the ordered pair are substituted into the equation.
- solution set
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a set of numerical values for each variable in the system that will satisfy all equations in the system at the same time
- Solution to a linear inequality
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An ordered pair [latex](x,y)[/latex] is a solution to a linear inequality if the inequality is true when we substitute the values of x and y.
- Solution to a system
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A solution to a system is a set of numerical values for each variable in the system that will satisfy all equations in the system at the same time.
- sound
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A logical argument is sound if it is valid and all of its premises are true.
- Square matrix
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A matrix that has the same number of rows as columns
- Standard Form of Linear Equation
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A linear equation is in standard form when it is written [latex]Ax+By=C[/latex].
- Stem-and-leaf plots
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consists of a list of stems on the left and the corresponding leaves on the right, separated by a line
- stratified sample
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chosen so that particular groups in the population are certain to be represented
- symmetric
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data are bunched up in the middle, then taper off in the same way above and below the middle
- System of linear equations
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A system of linear equations consists of two or more linear equations made up of two or more variables such that all equations in the system are considered simultaneously.
- systematic random sample
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selected from an ordered list of the population (for example, names sorted alphabetically or students listed by student ID)
- tautology
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A logical statement that is always true.
- The rectangular coordinate system
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A grid system used in algebra to show a relationship between two variables and formed by intersecting one horizontal line, called the x-axis, with a vertical line, called the y-axis.
- uniform
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data are equally distributed across the range
- units
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anything that can be measured or surveyed (such as people, animals, objectives, or experiments)
- valid
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A logical argument is valid if its conclusion follows from the premises
- Vertical line
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A vertical line is the graph of an equation of the form [latex]x=a[/latex] The line passes through the x-axis at [latex](a,0)[/latex].
- x-axis
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The horizonal number line that intersects with a vertical number line to form the rectangular coordinate system.
- X-coordinate
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The first number in an ordered pair.
- Y-axis
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The vertical number line that intersects with a horizontal number line to form the rectangular coordinate system.
- Y-coordinate
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The second number in an ordered pair.