"

Summary of Adaptations

Full Resource Adaptations

Across all chapters of the resource, the following changes/edits were made (where necessary):

  • Consistent colored textboxes throughout
  • Edited all mathematical notations to have them appear in LaTex
  • Created and added H5P activities for select concepts, Examples, and Your Turn!
    • Some H5P activities were added from Significant Statistics: An Introduction to Statistics
  • Added "Solution" drop-downs, HTML or Accordion H5P, for Examples, Your Turn!, and select Section Practice in each Section
  • Added Videos (orange colored box) at the end of each Section; Videos are from:
  • Added Heading 1 for use in the Table of Contents with:
    • main parts (objectives) in each Section
    • Section Review and Section Practice (where applicable)
  • Added Learning Objectives for each Section/Chapter
  • Enabled glossary term functionality
  • Introduction page content used from original source:
    • Removed Chapter Objectives
    • Moved Collaborative Exercises from Sections to these pages
    • "Solution Sheets" (from Appendix of original source) added to Chapters 8, 9, and 11
  • Moved content from original source's Chapter Review and Formula Review to be separate corresponding sections at the end of each Section, or merged them into one section
  • Select problems from Practice and Homework were added as Section Practice at the end of each Section (answers from "Solutions" in each Chapter of original source)
  • References from each "References" section in the original source were added to separate corresponding sections at the end of each Section
  • Minor editing, removal, and/or reordering of content for flow and clarity:
    • Introduction pages:
      • Collaborative Exercises; some minor edits done to the original versions
      • "Solution Sheets" (from Appendix of original source); some minor edits done to the original versions
    • Removed, added, and/or edited Headings from what was found in original source
    • Try It from original source was renamed to "Your Turn!" (like in Significant Statistics source that was adapted)
    • Problems from Practice and Homework that was added as Section Practice
    • Resized tables to fit on screen
    • Removed linking that would go back to original source (Figure #, Table #, Footnotes, and "Key Points" links). Made linking stay within this source if needed.
    • Numbered Examples, Figures, and Tables, where necessary
    • Adjusted some language for clarity
  • Images from the original source added to Pressbook Media Library and pertinent attribution information added; found as Media Attributions at the end of each Section
  • Using Technology pages added to the end of select Chapters

 

Accessibility Adaptations

  • Checked video captions for accuracy
  • Hyperlinks checked for opening in a new tab if link was to an external website
  • Headers adjusted to not skip levels
  • List formatting to ensure ordered list functionality
  • Removed tables of data and used Pressbook code or list of data separated by ";"
  • Alt-tags on images:
    • used as provided from source where applicable
    • added if missing
    • rewritten to make shorter or longer if needed, while keeping the meaning/content of the image
  • Added text as long image descriptions to assist with the alt-text on images, if needed
  • Original captions used for Tables and Images, but adjustments where needed:
    • some edited from what was provided from the original source
    • some created where none existed from the original source

 

Chapter-Specific Changes

Chapter 1: Sampling and Data

  • Section 1.1: Edited, "The goal of statistics is not to perform numerous calculations using the formulas, but to gain an understanding of your data. The calculations can be done using a calculator or a computer" to "The goal of statistics is to gain an understanding of your data. Yes, there are calculations to perform using intense formulas and you can also use a calculator or a computer to assist you."
  • Section 1.1: Removed table in Your Turn! about "test the safety of automobiles" since the table wasn't necessary for the problem
  • Section 1.2: Minor edits to content from what was in the original source under "Qualitative Data Discussion," "Percentages That Add to More (or Less) Than 100%," "Omitting Categories/Missing Data," and "Pie Charts: No Missing Data" headings
  • Section 1.2: Content under "Sampling" heading through "Types of Sampling" heading re-written to use Random Number Table
  • Section 1.2: "Critical Evaluation" heading moved to end of content
  • Section 1.2: Edited "Suppose ABC College has 10,000 part-time students" Your Turn! - changed "Using a calculator, random numbers are generated and a student from a particular discipline is selected if he or she has a corresponding number" to "Using a random number table, a student from a particular discipline is selected if he or she has a corresponding number."
  • Section 1.2: Edited "Determine the type of sampling used" You Turn! - changed "A high school counselor uses a computer to generate 50 random numbers" to "A high school counselor uses a random number table"
  • Section 1.2: Edited "For the following, determine the type of sampling used" Section Practice - changed "A computer generates 100 random numbers" to "A random number table is used to generate 100 random numbers"
  • Section 1.2: Original source content referencing using the graphing calculator moved to Using Technology page - content under "Sampling" heading and Try It under "Types of Sampling" heading
  • Section 1.3: Combined original source Examples and Try Its (the Frequency Table of Soccer Player Height and the table with the amount, in inches, of annual rainfall in a sample of towns)
  • Section 1.5: Using Technology page - added select content from original source "Appendix: Notes for the TI-83, 83+, 84, 84+ Calculators"

Chapter 2: Descriptive Statistics

  • Original source's NOTE on the Introduction was changed to "Traditional Statistics" versus Technology Note with new wording, on the Introduction to Chapter 2 page
  • Section 2.2: Original source content referencing using the graphing calculator moved to Using Technology page - calculator instructions showing example for entering data and creating a customized histogram
  • Section 2.2: Edited first Your Turn! question since there is no histogram to show
  • Section 2.2: "Uses of a Time Series Graph" heading moved above last Your Turn! instead of the end of the Section
  • Section 2.3: Removed from the original source, "NOTE: You can calculate percentiles using calculators and computers. There are a variety of online calculators." - because of the Using Technology pages
  • Section 2.4: Removed from the original source, "NOTE: See the calculator instructions on the TI web site or in the appendix." - because of the Using Technology pages
  • Section 2.4: Original source content referencing using the graphing calculator moved to Using Technology page - calculator instructions for finding the minimum, maximum, and quartiles
  • Section 2.4: Added "Hint: You first must calculate the minimum value, maximum value, [latex]Q_1[/latex], [latex]Q_2[/latex], and [latex]Q_3[/latex]" to the Your Turn! problems where necessary.
  • Section 2.5: Minor edits to content at the start of the section
  • Section 2.5: Original source content referencing using the graphing calculator moved to Using Technology page - calculator instructions for finding the mean and the median
  • Section 2.5: Removed from the original source, "Statistical software will easily calculate the mean, the median, and the mode. Some graphing calculators can also make these calculations. In the real world, people make these calculations using software." - because of the Using Technology pages
  • Section 2.5: Added Question? shaded box using original content
  • Section 2.6: Minor edits to content at the start of the section
  • Section 2.7: Edited the original source's NOTE:
    • Removed, "In practice, USE A CALCULATOR OR COMPUTER SOFTWARE TO CALCULATE THE STANDARD DEVIATION. If you are using a TI-83, 83+, 84+ calculator, you need to select the appropriate standard deviation σx or sx from the summary statistics. We will concentrate on using and interpreting the information that the standard deviation gives us. However you should study the following step-by-step example to help you understand how the standard deviation measures variation from the mean. (The calculator instructions appear at the end of this example.)." - because of the Using Technology pages
    • Change to, "Note - It is important to concentrate on two things with the standard deviation: 1. Whether or not you need to find [latex]s[/latex], the sample standard deviation, or [latex]\sigma[/latex], the population standard deviation. 2. Correctly using and interpreting the information that the standard deviation gives us."
  • Section 2.7: Added "**Note, the method shown above is using the frequencies to calculate the mean. Adding all the values individually is also an option." to the first Example under the heading "Sampling Variability of a Statistic"
  • Section 2.7: Original source content referencing using the graphing calculator moved to Using Technology page - calculator instructions for putting data in a list and finding the mean and the sample standard deviation
  • Section 2.7: Removed, "Use your calculator or computer to find the mean and standard deviation. Then find the value that is two standard deviations above the mean" from Try It about baseball team ages - because of the Using Technology pages
  • Section 2.7: Removed, "Let a calculator or computer do the arithmetic" on NOTE under "Explanation of the standard deviation calculation shown in the table" heading
  • Section 2.7: Removed, "Calculate the sample mean and the sample standard deviation to one decimal place using a TI-83+ or TI-84 calculator" on Try It about data for different types of pet food stores - because of the Using Technology pages
  • Section 2.7: Original source content referencing using the graphing calculator moved to Using Technology page - Try It from original source under "Standard deviation of Grouped Frequency Tables" heading
  • Section 2.7: Added Example under the "Standard deviation of Grouped Frequency Tables" heading.
  • Section 2.7: Added, "While the formula for calculating the standard deviation is not complicated, the calculations are tedious. It is important you are careful, so you don't make mistakes" to the Your Turn! under the "Standard deviation of Grouped Frequency Tables" heading.
  • Section 2.7: Coefficient of Variation added from 2.7 Measures of the Spread of the Data - Introductory Business Statistics 2e | OpenStax
  • Section 2.8 & 2.9: Using Technology pages - added select content from original source "Appendix: Notes for the TI-83, 83+, 84, 84+ Calculators"

Chapter 3: Probability Topics

  • Section 3.1: Split up Example for "The sample space [latex]S[/latex] is the whole numbers (starting at one) and less than 20" into an Example for finding the sample space, event A & B, then later in Section the probability of the events.
  • Section 3.1: Content from adapted sources turned into Examples
  • Section 3.1: Content used from 3.1 Introduction to Probability and Terminology – Significant Statistics throughout
  • Section 3.1: Updated last example to reference freshman course enrollment
  • Section 3.2: The LaTeX formula within the conditional statement was adjusted.
  • Section 3.2: Content from adapted sources turned into Examples
  • Section 3.2: "The Axioms of Probability" content used from 3.1 Introduction to Probability and Terminology – Significant Statistics
  • Section 3.3, 3.4, 3.5: Some Examples and Try Its left out from original OpenStax source

Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  • Introduction page: Changed example for long-distance phone calls to emails
  • Added "Traditional Statistics" versus Technology Note on the Introduction to Chapter 4 page
  • Section 4.1: Moved content from OpenStax Introduction in Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables (content under "Random Variables" heading) and content from 4.1 Introduction to Discrete Random Variables and Notation – Significant Statistics to the top of the Section
  • Section 4.1 and 4.2: Changed to neutral pronouns for parents, students, and the university soccer team
  • Section 4.2: Mixture of content from 4.2 Mean or Expected Value and Standard Deviation - Introductory Statistics | OpenStax and 4.2 Measures of General DRVs – Significant Statistics
  • Section 4.2: Changed betting on earthquakes in Japan example to purchasing travel insurance
  • Section 4.2: Removed, "Note: Generally for probability distributions, we use a calculator or a computer to calculate [latex]\mu[/latex] and [latex]\sigma[/latex] to reduce roundoff error. For many special cases of probability distributions, there are short-cut formulas for calculating [latex]\mu[/latex], [latex]\sigma[/latex], and associated probabilities. We will see some of these in the future" from 4.2 Measures of General DRVs – Significant Statistics - because of the Using Technology pages
  • Section 4.2: Added "Games of Chance and Expected Value" section with some select Examples and Try Its from OpenStax; minor edits to Examples
  • Section 4.3: Added "If at the start of a particular term, 300 students are enrolled in the elementary physics course, [latex]n = 300[/latex] and [latex]p = 0.3[/latex] and [latex]X \sim B(300, 0.3)[/latex]. The possible outcomes are [latex]x = 0, \ldots, 300[/latex] and the probability [latex]P(X=x)[/latex] is the probability that [latex]x[/latex] students will withdraw during the term." - in first Example under "Notation for the Binomial" heading
  • Section 4.3: Added "Stating Probability Questions Mathematically" heading with combined Examples from OpenStax and author (Jared Eusea) content
  • Section 4.3: Added content regarding Binomial PDF and using the formula as "Binomial Probability Function" heading, from Significant Statistics (4.3 The Binomial Distribution – Significant Statistics)
  • Section 4.3: Original source content referencing using the graphing calculator moved to Using Technology page - calculator instructions for using binompdf() and binomcdf()
  • Section 4.3: Examples shown solved with the graphing calculator moved to Using Technology page and replaced with solutions showing the by-hand work
  • Section 4.3: Removed example regarding cancer rates to shorten section slightly, added new figure for Workers example
  • Section 4.3: The LaTeX formula within the mean or expected value was adjusted.
  • Section 4.4: Content and more Examples under "Notation for the Geometric: G = Geometric Probability Distribution Function" heading added from 4.3 Geometric Distribution - Introductory Business Statistics 2e | OpenStax
  • Section 4.4: Original source content referencing using the graphing calculator moved to Using Technology page - calculator instructions for using geometpdf() and geometcdf()
  • Section 4.4: Examples shown solved with the graphing calculator moved to Using Technology page and replaced with solutions showing the by-hand work
  • Section 4.5: Content and more Examples under "Notation for the Hypergeometric Distribution" heading added from 4.1 Hypergeometric Distribution - Introductory Business Statistics 2e | OpenStax
  • Section 4.5: Examples shown solved with technology moved to Using Technology page and replaced with solutions showing the by-hand work
  • Section 4.5: Removed, "NOTE. Currently, the TI-83+ and TI-84 do not have hypergeometric probability functions. There are a number of computer packages, including Microsoft Excel, that do" from Example - because of the Using Technology pages
  • Section 4.6: Content and more Examples under "Notation and Mean" heading added from 4.4 Poisson Distribution - Introductory Business Statistics 2e | OpenStax
  • Section 4.6: Original source content referencing using the graphing calculator moved to Using Technology page - calculator instructions for using poissonpdf() and poissoncdf()
  • Section 4.6: Examples shown solved with the graphing calculator moved to Using Technology page and replaced with solutions showing the by-hand work
  • Section 4.6: Added, "Large values of [latex]X =[/latex] with large [latex]\lambda[/latex] make the formula of [latex]P(x)=\frac{\mu^{x}e^{-\mu}{x!}[/latex] overflow in even a scientific calculator. It is recommended to use technology to do calculations for those problems."
  • Section 4.6: Added Example 4.18 from 4.4 Poisson Distribution - Introductory Business Statistics 2e | OpenStax
  • Sections 4.3 - 4.6: Removed "Use the TI-83+ or TI-84 calculator to find the answer" from Examples - because of the Using Technology pages
  • Section 4.7, 4.8, & 4.10: Using Technology pages - added select content from original source "Appendix: Notes for the TI-83, 83+, 84, 84+ Calculators"

Chapter 5: Continuous Random Variables

  • Added "Traditional Statistics" versus Technology Note on the Introduction to Chapter 5 page
  • Section 5.1: "Properties of Continuous Probability Distributions" heading and content from OpenStax Introduction to Chapter 5 added to the top of Section 5.1 Continuous Probability Functions
  • Section 5.3: Put clarification statements in problems that "A regular scientific calculator can calculate"
  • Section 5.3: Original source content referencing using the graphing calculator (under "Relationship between the Poisson and the Exponential Distribution" heading) moved to Using Technology page - calculator instructions for using poissonpdf() and poissoncdf()
  • Section 5.3: Examples shown solved with the graphing calculator moved to Using Technology page and replaced with solutions showing the by-hand work
  • Section 5.4 & 5.5: Using Technology pages - added select content from original source "Appendix: Notes for the TI-83, 83+, 84, 84+ Calculators"

Chapter 6: The Normal Distribution and The Central Limit Theorem

Chapter 7: Confidence Intervals

  • Added "Traditional Statistics" versus Technology Note on the Introduction to Chapter 7 page
  • Section 7.1: Minor wording edits at the top of the section after the first Your Turn!
  • Section 7.1: Edits to Note, "in this chapter the last two inputs in the [latex]\text{invNorm}[/latex] command are 0, 1, because you are using a standard normal distribution [latex]Z \sim N(0, 1)[/latex]."
  • Section 7.1: Removed "using a calculator, computer" from finding the z-score for the Stated Confidence Level - because of the Using Technology pages
  • Section 7.1: Removed "[latex]\text{invNorm}(0.975, 0, 1) = 1.96[/latex]" from finding the z-score for the Stated Confidence Level - because of the Using Technology pages
  • Section 7.1: Removed "on the TI-83, 83+, or 84+ calculators. (This can also be found using appropriate commands on other calculators, using a computer" throughout Examples - because of the Using Technology pages
  • Section 7.1: Removed Solution for using the graphing calculator - because of the Using Technology pages
  • Section 7.2: Removed, because of the Using Technology pages:
    • Calculators and computers can easily calculate any Student's t-probabilities. The TI-83,83+, and 84+ have a [latex]\text{tcdf}[/latex] function to find the probability for given values of t. The grammar for the [latex]\text{tcdf}[/latex] command is [latex]\text{tcdf(lower bound, upper bound, degrees of freedom)}[/latex]. However for confidence intervals, we need to use inverse probability to find the value of t when we know the probability.
    • For the TI-84+ you can use the [latex]\text{invT}[/latex] command on the [latex]\text{DISTRibution}[/latex] menu. The [latex]\text{invT}[/latex] command works similarly to the invnorm. The invT command requires two inputs: [latex]\text{invT(area to the left, degrees of freedom)}[/latex] The output is the t-score that corresponds to the area we specified.
    • The TI-83 and 83+ do not have the [latex]\text{invT}[/latex] command. (The TI-89 has an inverse T command.)
    • Calculators and computers can easily calculate any Student's t-probabilities.
    • To calculate the confidence interval directly: Press STAT. Arrow over to TESTS. Arrow down to 8: TInterval and press ENTER (or just press 8).
  • Section 7.2: Moved "Note. When calculating the error bound, a probability table for the Student's t-distribution can also be used to find the value of [latex]t[/latex]. The table gives t-scores that correspond to the confidence level (column) and degrees of freedom (row); the t-score is found where the row and column intersect in the table." to top of the Section after format of the confidence interval
  • Section 7.2: Removed "Use a table, calculator, or computer to find" and "on the TI-84+ calculator" throughout Examples - because of the Using Technology pages
  • Section 7.2: Removed Solution for using the graphing calculator - because of the Using Technology pages
  • Section 7.3: Added "Confidence Interval for a Proportion" heading with author content
  • Section 7.3: Removed "Use the TI-83, 83+, or 84+ calculator command" throughout Examples - because of the Using Technology pages
  • Section 7.3: Removed Solution for using the graphing calculator - because of the Using Technology pages
  • Section 7.4: Using Technology page - added select content from original source "Appendix: Notes for the TI-83, 83+, 84, 84+ Calculators"

Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing with One Sample

  • Original source's NOTE on the Introduction was changed to "Traditional Statistics" versus Technology Note with new wording, on the Introduction to Chapter 8 page
  • Section 8.5: Removed mention of "Use the TI-83, 83+, or 84+ calculator" throughout Examples - because of the Using Technology pages
  • Section 8.5: Removed Solution for using the graphing calculator - because of the Using Technology pages
  • Section 8.6: Using Technology page - added select content from original source "Appendix: Notes for the TI-83, 83+, 84, 84+ Calculators"

Chapter 9: Hypothesis Testing with Two Samples

  • Original source's NOTE on the Introduction was changed to "Traditional Statistics" versus Technology Note with new wording, on the Introduction to Chapter 9 page
  • Section 9.1: Removed, because of the Using Technology pages:
    • "The number of degrees of freedom [latex](df)[/latex] requires a somewhat complicated calculation. However, a computer or calculator calculates it easily."
    • "It is not necessary to compute this by hand. A calculator or computer easily computes it."
  • Sections 9.1-9.3: Removed mention of "Using the TI-83, 83+, or 84+ calculator" throughout Examples - because of the Using Technology pages
  • Sections 9.1-9.3: Removed Solution for using the graphing calculator - because of the Using Technology pages
  • Section 9.5: Using Technology page - added select content from original source "Appendix: Notes for the TI-83, 83+, 84, 84+ Calculators"

Chapter 10: Linear Regression and Correlation

  • Added "Traditional Statistics" versus Technology Note on the Introduction to Chapter 10 page
  • Section 10.2: Example from original source "Appendix: Notes for the TI-83, 83+, 84, 84+ Calculators" added as new Example
  • Section 10.3: Example from original source "Appendix: Notes for the TI-83, 83+, 84, 84+ Calculators" added as new Example
  • Section 10.3: Removed, because of the Using Technology pages:
    • "Note: Computer spreadsheets, statistical software, and many calculators can quickly calculate the best-fit line and create the graphs. The calculations tend to be tedious if done by hand. Instructions to use the TI-83, TI-83+, and TI-84+ calculators to find the best-fit line and create a scatterplot are shown at the end of this section."
    • "The formula for [latex]r[/latex] looks formidable. However, computer spreadsheets, statistical software, and many calculators can quickly calculate [latex]r[/latex]. The correlation coefficient [latex]r[/latex] is the bottom item in the output screens for the LinRegTTest on the TI-83, TI-83+, or TI-84+ calculator (see previous section for instructions)."
  • Section 10.4: Made "THIRD-EXAM vs FINAL-EXAM EXAMPLE: p-value method" into it's own Example
  • Section 10.4: Made "THIRD-EXAM vs FINAL-EXAM EXAMPLE: critical value method" into it's own Example
  • Sections 10.2-10.4, 10.6: Removed mention of "Using the TI-83, 83+, or 84+ calculator" throughout Examples - because of the Using Technology pages
  • Sections 10.2-10.4, 10.6: Removed Solution for using the graphing calculator - because of the Using Technology pages
  • Section 10.6: Removed, "Computers and many calculators can be used to identify outliers from the data. Computer output for regression analysis will often identify both outliers and influential points so that you can examine them."
  • Section 10.6: Removed, "On the TI-83, 83+, or 84+, the graphical approach is easier." and added, "We can also do this graphically." for Identifying Outliers
  • Section 10.7: Using Technology page - added select content from original source "Appendix: Notes for the TI-83, 83+, 84, 84+ Calculators"

Chapter 11: The Chi-Square Distribution

  • Original source's NOTE on the Introduction was changed to "Traditional Statistics" versus Technology Note with new wording, on the Introduction to Chapter 11 page
  • Sections 11.2-11.4, 11.6: Removed mention of "Using calculator or computer" and "Use the TI-83, 83+, or 84+ calculator" throughout Examples - because of the Using Technology pages
  • Sections 11.2-11.4, 11.6: Removed Solution for using the graphing calculator - because of the Using Technology pages
  • Section 11.7: Using Technology page - added select content from original source "Appendix: Notes for the TI-83, 83+, 84, 84+ Calculators"

Back Matter

Unused Content from Original Source

  • "Chapter 12: F Distribution and One-Way ANOVA" was not used in this book
  • "Appendix: Data Sets" was not used in this book
    • Homework problems that used Lap Times data were not chosen to use in this book
    • Moved IPO data table to Review Exercises (Ch 1-13) in Back Matter (unpublished page)

License

Icon for the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

Introductory Statistics Copyright © 2024 by LOUIS: The Louisiana Library Network is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

Share This Book