Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing with One Sample

Chapter 8 Review

8.1 Chapter Review

In a hypothesis test, sample data is evaluated in order to arrive at a decision about some type of claim. If certain conditions about the sample are satisfied, then the claim can be evaluated for a population. In a hypothesis test, we:

Evaluate the null hypothesis, typically denoted with H0. The null is not rejected unless the hypothesis test shows otherwise. The null statement must always contain some form of equality (=, ≤ or ≥)
Always write the alternative hypothesis, typically denoted with Ha or H1, using less than, greater than, or not equal symbols, i.e., (≠, >, or <).
If we reject the null hypothesis, then we can assume there is enough evidence to support the alternative hypothesis.
Never state that a claim is proven true or false. Keep in mind the underlying fact that hypothesis testing is based on probability laws; therefore, we can talk only in terms of non-absolute certainties.

Formula Review

H0 and Ha are contradictory.

If Ho has: equal (=) greater than or equal to (≥) less than or equal to (≤)
then Ha has: not equal (≠) or greater than (>) or less than (<) less than (<) greater than (>)

If αp-value, then do not reject H0.

If α > p-value, then reject H0.

α is preconceived. Its value is set before the hypothesis test starts. The p-value is calculated from the data.

8.2 Chapter Review

In every hypothesis test, the outcomes are dependent on a correct interpretation of the data. Incorrect calculations or misunderstood summary statistics can yield errors that affect the results. A Type I error occurs when a true null hypothesis is rejected. A Type II error occurs when a false null hypothesis is not rejected.

The probabilities of these errors are denoted by the Greek letters α and β, for a Type I and a Type II error respectively. The power of the test, 1 – β, quantifies the likelihood that a test will yield the correct result of a true alternative hypothesis being accepted. A high power is desirable.

Formula Review

α = probability of a Type I error = P(Type I error) = probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true.

β = probability of a Type II error = P(Type II error) = probability of not rejecting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false.

8.3 Chapter Review

In order for a hypothesis test’s results to be generalized to a population, certain requirements must be satisfied.

When testing for a single population mean:

  1. A Student’s t-test should be used if the data come from a simple, random sample and the population is approximately normally distributed, or the sample size is large, with an unknown standard deviation.
  2. The normal test will work if the data come from a simple, random sample and the population
    is approximately normally distributed, or the sample size is large, with a known standard
    deviation.

When testing a single population proportion use a normal test for a single population proportion if the data comes from a simple, random sample, fill the requirements for a binomial distribution, and the mean number of success and the mean number of failures satisfy the conditions: np > 5 and nq > n where n is the sample size, p is the probability of a success, and q is the probability of a failure.

Formula Review

If there is no given preconceived α, then use α = 0.05.

Types of Hypothesis Tests
  • Single population mean, known population variance (or standard deviation): Normal
    test
    .
  • Single population mean, unknown population variance (or standard deviation): Student’s t-test.
  • Single population proportion: Normal test.
  • For a single population mean, we may use a normal distribution with the following mean and standard deviation. Means: [latex]\mu ={\mu }_{\overline{x}}[/latex] and [latex]{\sigma }_{\overline{x}}=\frac{{\sigma }_{x}}{\sqrt{n}}[/latex]
  • A single population proportion, we may use a normal distribution with the following mean and standard deviation. Proportions: µ = p and [latex]\sigma =\sqrt{\frac{pq}{n}}[/latex].

8.4 Chapter Review

When the probability of an event occurring is low, and it happens, it is called a rare event. Rare events are important to consider in hypothesis testing because they can inform your willingness not to reject or to reject a null hypothesis. To test a null hypothesis, find the p-value for the sample data and graph the results. When deciding whether or not to reject the null the hypothesis, keep these two parameters in mind:

α > p-value, reject the null hypothesis
αp-value, do not reject the null hypothesis

8.5 Chapter Review

The hypothesis test itself has an established process. This can be summarized as follows:

Determine H0 and Ha. Remember, they are contradictory.
Determine the random variable.
Determine the distribution for the test.
Draw a graph, calculate the test statistic, and use the test statistic to calculate the
p-value. (A z-score and a t-score are examples of test statistics.)
Compare the preconceived α with the p-value, make a decision (reject or do not reject H0), and write a clear conclusion using English sentences.

Notice that in performing the hypothesis test, you use α and not β. β is needed to help determine the sample size of the data that is used in calculating the p-value. Remember that the quantity 1 – β is called the Power of the Test. A high power is desirable. If the power is too low, statisticians typically increase the sample size while keeping α the same. If the power is low, the null hypothesis might not be rejected when it should be.

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